I. The importance of the Sunflower
Sunflower; contained in the high rate (22-50%) due to the amount of fat, crude vegetable oil production is important for an oil plant. Sunflower oil, it contains a high proportion of multi-unsaturated fatty acids (69%), the low proportion of saturated fatty acids (11%) is due to the high nutritional value is one of the vegetable oils. Sunflower oil; liquid as is widely used in cooking and frying. Also, be mixed with other vegetable-oil margarine is made by cooking and Sofralık are also consumed. Today, 12.6% of world production of vegetable oil raw 'sı is covered by sunflowers. According to the change in our country, but 220-380 thousand tons of sunflower oil are produced annually. 46.7% of crude vegetable oil production turkey URI is covered by sunflowers. Sunflower; vary by year, the annual 1 million tonnes of crude oil imports and oil on the past to know that our most important oil crops is produced to close.
After removing the remaining oil in the cake, have high protein (32.3% shellfish, shell 46.8%). Therefore, as is very common in the production of mixed feed. The highest value of soybean oil cake after the oil seed cake metobolize is the energy (2260 kcal / kg). 6.8% of world production of oil seed cake 'i is covered by sunflowers.
Sunflower oil in the high-rate features in is quick to install linoleik yağasiti. Therefore, in the construction of oil paint has a very important place. Also, paper, plastic, soap, and is used as raw materials in the construction kozmatik products.
As one people roasted sunflower by the cookie is eaten with relish. Also, are used as birdseed.
Increase after harvest with the remaining deviations are considered as seed shells burn. Ash obtained from incineration of deviations in the high rate (36-40%) is potassium. The ashes to be sprinkled through the field, is perceived as fertilizer. In addition, deviations, and trays of sunflower; furfurol ekstraksiyonunda and paper are used in construction.
Sunflower, soybean and corn mixed with herbs such as green feed or silage shall be added as is made is used to feed animals.
Anchor is a sunflower plant. After their attachment to the plant leaves clean and aerate the soil. Therefore, the plant guard is a good October. Especially in our region of continuous wheat cultivation in irrigated areas, the root decomposition of the disease, can cause low wheat yield in the large. Therefore, the root of the problem of deterioration in the region, with Sunflower inserted into the October attacks, to prevent this disease and wheat yield of 20% in-50 rate increases are provided.
2. Sunflower Agriculture
2.1. Climate Request
Land and temperate climate of sunflower belt only an annual plant is grown in rainy areas. Adaptation has a very wide area. America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia belong to the continent in many different countries, agriculture is done. 50th in North America degree of latitude in the region as can be grown successfully. To show a normal development of the sunflower plant to have enough output, as in other plants, need for specific climates. Sunflower crops are grown in environmental conditions, its growth and development and seed quality and yield are affected in different ways. The South and the North American continent in the same kind of sunflower grown with the quality of seed obtained is different. To get a successful result in the Sunflower agriculture, environmental conditions against the need to react very well to know. In this case, changing environmental conditions by applying the appropriate techniques can be enough product.
Temperature: Sunflower plants against cold and high temperature is a plant highly tolerant. Therefore, a large spread in temperature sahiptir.120-130-day total during the period to 2600-2850 oC vejatasyon dir. Different development periods of sunflower plants have different temperature requirements. Soil temperature for germination of seeds have minimum +4 oC. However, it is normal for the germination, soil temperature should rise to at least 10-12 oC'ye. Increased soil temperature, seed germination and the riding is increasing in speed. Our region towards the end of February soil temperature, the germination of sunflower seeds will be known to reach normal values. From early October should be avoided.
Sunflower plant seedlings in the period against the cold is very durable. Plant, in the period of cotyledon blade, can stand up to -5 oC'ye. Of plant resistance to low temperature in stages up to 6-8 leafed period is reduced. Later in the period of plant development, temperature 0 oC'ye fall, the plant is damaged. In particular, further development in return for sunflower plants exposed to low temperatures, the plant will damage the tip of the growing point, and then plant the branch. With the branches of plant productivity is falling. Our region the end of February, March to October is the month, the sunflower plant, is not affected negatively by low heat. The period of bloom of plant exposure to low temperature, plant and fertilize to adversely affect users. Plant growth and development of 18-20 oC for night / day and 24-26 oC hot is optimal. Bitkinin Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) 28 oC in air temperature, the highest value reached. Optimum air temperature for photosynthesis in Plants, 30-35 oC'dir. Photosynthesis can be continued until 45 oC'ye. Photosynthesis oC'nin stands on 45.
Daytime air temperature 21-24 oC for sunflower production in agriculture is optimum. Powder at high temperatures on pollen germination 36-40 oC'nin can not, to fall into foreign dust hazard.
In the Çukurova region, the first spring planting, the air temperature of plant growth and development does not impact negatively on. However, the second product in the period of bloom in October, especially in the high temperature, negative affect interested in fertilization. Therefore, the second product to be made after October 20 of the month of July is recommended.
The growing period, especially during development of seeds, the resulting high temperature, can affect the composition of fatty acids and lowers the quality of fat.
The resulting high temperatures during the period of growth, protein rate rise, the oil rate decreases. The sunflower plant according to other oil crops more tolerant to temperature and higher oil production in these conditions is provided.
Day Length: Sunflower plant more sensitive to light, is not. Plant can bloom at the time of lighting is too wide. It is generally accepted as plant nötür days. However, more recently, the illumination has been developed against reaksiyoner breeding lines. Seed production, especially of mother and father lines to bloom simultaneously, much better lighting will have to learn to react against.
To be able to do normal photosynthesis in sunflower plants, need adequate amounts of light. In the case of insufficient light, significantly reduces the amount of photosynthesis. For example, the missing 40% of sunlight is grown in shade conditions, yield a reduction occurs in 64'lük%. In particular, the period of bloom-seed formation is not sufficient light, a significant amount of efficiency is reduced. Therefore, cloudy and sunny conditions just do not like. Sunflower plants, the growth during the period of high light intensity you want it to be. Lighting and light intensity in time, in our region do not have a problem in sunflower cultivation.
Sunflower leaves have fototropik features. So according to the light direction changes. Leaf photosynthesis of these features, so the yield is positively affected. A research has shown that the light directed towards the leaves, according to those who still benefit from more light, and 9% of plant photosynthesis fototropizm more than 10-23% increased capacity. Sunflower is a C3 plant.
Precipitation: Sunflower; more resistant to dry conditions but other cultures can not grow plants can be grown successfully in dry conditions. Sunflower plant a plant soil is the water in the well. Because the root system in the advanced and up to 2 m deep, is able to. Plant growth is not, even in drought stress conditions, fotsentezini sunflower plant is continuing. As a result, the sunflower plant is not affected by short-lasting drought and a reduction in efficiency will not occur.
Sunflower plant growth during the period of 500-600 mm total rainfall need. The rainfall in the growing period should be distributed. Sunflower plants vary by the region's water demand. This is because the soil structure, temperature, relative humidity, and wind effect is different by region. Daily water consumption of sunflower plants under normal conditions; 3.5-3.8 mm, while the air temperature of 35 oC 'water consumption is 7.5 mm is reached.
Different development periods of sunflower plants need water amount that is different. Sunflower seeds to germinate, the soil should be enough water. Compared with other crops, less water for germination of seeds may be sufficient. Research has shown that the output from the table until the beginning of the formation, the sunflower plant uses around 20% of the annual total water consumption.
Sunflower plants would need no more than the period of the water; 40-day period before and after the bloom is. During this period approximately 60% of plant annual total water consumption is used. Enter the period of bloom in the case of the efficiency of plant water stress is reduced. In particular, the 10-day period blooming and fertilization in plants subjected to water stress, the yield is very much affected. For example, during this period of the plant should receive a 20% decrease in the total amount of water, a 50% reduction in seed yield is caused. This is because in very dry conditions, men's bodies to become aware of the properties required for fertilization development (athesisin) is standing. 20% of the total water consumption of sunflower plants, the flower is used in the next period. 20-day period after flowering in the case of plant water stress, the oil yield is also affected in a negative way. Excessively dry conditions of the lower leaves of the plant begins to dry, you can continue stere, the institution will continue upwards. After all, photosynthesis and yield are negatively affected. Sunflower; does not love more humid regions. In the case of relative air humidity is high, the disease that causes deterioration of the table increases the negative effects. Therefore, Sunflower farming in the region has a low air relative humidity is selected. Early in the first spring planting in the air relative humidity, more than in our region do not have problems. However, the second product in October, due to high air humidity, trays are major problems of deterioration of the disease. Therefore, sowing time was delayed, table formation in September and high humidity, this coincidence is provided by the few, should minimize the impact of the disease.
Sunflower is not enough rainfall in agriculture or cultivation did not spread within the period, then must be watered. In the Çukurova region, made in early October in the first spring, a very dry month of May passes, the significant decrease in the efficiency can be. Therefore, especially in the period of bloom in the air would become too dry, irrigation is know to be done, will be significant increases in productivity. Other times, irrigation is needed. In the second product conditions without much watering should be avoided. Root and increases the impact of disease deterioration tray. Irrigation is obtained with significant yield increases. However, dry conditions are at least affected sunflower producers.
2.2. Soil Request
Request is not selective in terms of land more than Sunflower. Of sandy soil, clay soil, showing a different structure to changes in the soil can be grown successfully. In particular, the deep, alüviyal soil organic matter-rich, sunflower is very suitable for agriculture. Even more land is not productive, can show very good development. More stony, sandy soil and does not love yüzlek.
Soil pH = 6.0-7.2 in the Sunflower farming is among you will be asked. Normal development can not display more acidic soil. The soil water in the base of Sunflower farming should not be high and should not have drainage problems.
Tolerance to salinity in excess of the sunflower is a plant. 2-4 mmhos / cm is based on the salt concentration. This value is higher than the soil salinity, is not suitable for sunflower. 1% on the amount of NaCl in the soil out, the germination is affected negatively. NaCl'nin, on a 2% rise, then fall to zero to germination. In addition, to increase the amount of salt in the soil and the oil rate is reduced.
2.3. Seizures of October
The sunflower plant has the hitch for the more advanced green, during the period of growth in the amount of soil nutrients than are removed. Therefore, in the same field every year is made on top of October, falling productivity, the grains are smaller, and increased illness and harmful. In particular, the sunflower cultivation in the field, monsters grass (Orabanch) as an important root parasite damage to crops. To be effective in this hazardous area, the October seizure of absolute application is mandatory. Therefore, absolutely the same to the top of the field each year, Sunflower cultivation should not be done. October 4-year guard against Orabanşa apply.
Sunflower farming in the region according to the different plants are located in the October attack. Irrigated and dry farming areas also apply according to the October seizure of the systems are different. Adana Agriculture Works Directorate (Ceyhan-Adana) of land in the dry non-irrigated wheat fields, the Sunflower sowing is inserted into seizures, wheat fields and the low efficiency of the root causes of the deterioration of the disease and not be effective in the wheat yield increases (20-50%) is provided.
In aqueous conditions, Turfanda potato, soybean, peanut, and the plants in our region such as Egypt in October seizures are known to infiltrate. However, we will make Ayçiçek after sowing for plants, potash fertilizer application should be considered.
2.4. Soil Preparation
Sunflower seed bed preparation and processing agricultural land in the area may be different depending. The front of the plant after harvest (in June or fall) to plow fields, deep (20-25 cm) are treated as. In particular, in the fields of wheat sowing wheat after harvest and fall field should be a deeper version kültüvatörle again be involved. In this way, spend the winter in soil, at the beginning of the month of February should be mixed with kültüvatör. October when the time comes, fertilizer application and herbisit then be mixed with soil and over again kültüvatörü aysan gobledisk or be passed by the bolt must be made ready for field planting. Sunflower seeds are often added to the moist soil. Therefore, to establish team-building on the sprinkler is not more widespread. Sunflower farming is the second product; wheat stubble burning after harvest and fields to be watered and the pans should be brought back from the land must be made ready for planting the fields are processed (as well as soybean and Yerfıstığında).
2.5. Request for Food and Fertilization
As with other crops, sunflower, and continued growth and development can occur and result in an output may know for certain amounts of plant nutrients from soil should be removed. Quantity of nutrients removed, the yield according to the values obtained are subject to change. Therefore, an appropriate Sunflower farming in before fertilization, and it is determined by soil analysis should be done according to the efficiency target should be found in fertilizer recommendations. More nitrogen and potassium from the soil by sunflower is removed.
Nitrogen Fertilization of: Sunflower farming is the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, soil structure, according to the targeted yield and irrigation requirements are subject to change. The most important plants in the sunflower yield and nutrients, the nitrogen is limiting. Nitrogen, the first plant growth accelerates. Deficit, if the plant is not a normal development. Sunflower plant needs a period of growing 66% of the nitrogen to bloom until the end of the period. Therefore, the need of plant cultivation with 50% of nitrogen, the other half of the plants 20 - 25 cm size is (with the second anchor) must be used.
The recommended amount of nitrogen Sunflower; Schedule 1 can be seen from viewing; targeted approximately every 20 kg / da output for 1 kg / da nitrogen is. This amount varies depending on the number of soil structure and irrigation can. Dry conditions will apply and all should be reduces the amount of nitrogen should be applied with October.
Nitrogen deficiency in sunflower plants, plant height and shortening of the lower leaves to turn yellow in the cause. The maximum amount of nitrogen applied in agricultural sunflower plants and to accelerate growth in vejetatif much of deviation in size is caused by being undersized. In addition, the seed shell to reduce fat in one bold and.
Phosphorus Fertilization for: Sunflower plants in excess of the need to phosphorus is not to create a specific output of phosphorus fertilizer should be applied. The amount of phosphorus in agricultural land is Sunflowers analysis should be determined according to. Based on the amount of phosphorus in soil, according to targeted performance should be recommended phosphorus application. For a satisfactory performance according to Schedule 1 for the target, each 40-50 kg / da for yield, 1 kg / da P2O5 is ample. Before sowing or planting of the entire phosphorus fertilizer should be provided with. After all, 66% of sunflower plants need total phosphorus is in the bloom period. Phosphorus fertilizer, seeds for sowing machine with 5 cm and 5 cm should be given to the gold. Applied phosphorus, fat and oil quality of seed increase. Phosphorus deficiency in sunflower plants In a view such as the leaves were burned in the end emerge.
Potash to Fertilization: Sunflower plants in the soil for more than the amount of potash to remove, even though our country is not recommended conditions potash. Because the soil is of sufficient potash. Configured according to soil analysis, is determined the deficiency, Schedule 1 to the value of considering potash fertilizing should be done. Otherwise, the efficiency can not be expected. Potash fertilizers, should be applied before planting. Lack of potash in the leaves in the first months of the edge of yellow, then brown and dry to create a color occurs. Between leaf veins are surging.
1st Schedule Sunflower Agriculture in the Implementation Proposed Nitrogen, phosphorus and potash amounts (as pure)
Nitrogen Phosphorus Target Amount Amount Amount of potash
Yield (Kg / Da) (Kg / Da)
Kg / Da Kg / Da D O Y O Y CY CY D
140 7.4 4.5 2.3 - - 6.8 4.5 - --
160 7.9 4.5 2.3 - - 6.8 4.4 - --
180 9.1 4.5 2.3 - - 8.5 5.7 - --
205 10.2 4.5 2.3 - - 8.5 5.7 - --
230 11.3 5.7 3.4 - - 10.2 6.8 - --
250 12.4 5.7 3.4 2.3 - 10.2 6.8 - --
270 13.6 5.7 3.4 2.3 - 11.9 7.9 3.4 --
295 14.7 5.7 3.4 2.3 - 11.9 7.9 3.4 --
320 16.4 6.8 4.5 3.4 - 13.6 9.1 4.5 --
340 18.1 6.8 4.5 3.4 - 13.6 9.1 4.5 --
360 19.8 6.8 4.5 3.4 - 13.6 9.1 4.5 --
Amount of soil, D = low, O = Medium, H = High, CY = Very High
October before the implementation of the recommended amount of fertilizer:
Dry conditions, 35-40 kg / da 20.20.0 or 40-45 kg / da 15:15:15
Wet conditions, 40-45 kg / da 20.20.0 or 45-50 kg / da 15:15:15
2.6. Seed and Variety Selection
Romania until 1960, and our country is being added Bulgaristandan getirilen sunflower varieties, these varieties in 1962 with the Orabanşın seen in the Russian varieties (Vinimik 1646) was replaced. Today in some regions of our country of this kind are still attached. In the 1980s, after the hybrid sunflower varieties were introduced to our country. This kind of short-sized, highly efficient and rapidly increased production due to orabanşa wiriness and in recent years has become completely hybrid varieties are included.
Production of sunflower varieties in our region; Edirne-87, Turquoise, Alhaja, C.207, Sanbro, Nantıo, Tr.3080 Özdemir Bey, Tr.6149 SA, AS.508, AS.615, AS.6310, MO70, Isera, Super 25, Istranca, P.64A95 and P.64A12 (Orabanşın effective in the region), P.6433 and P.6482 dir. These are yağlık sunflower varieties. In addition to these types is available in coarse and çerezlik country yapılmaktadır October.
Sunflower farming regardless of the kind we choose, we will use quality seeds (certified) should be. In general, the common sunflower cultivation is done with pneumatic seed drill has become. Therefore, the germination rates of seeds to be high.
These features will be made in October must be the seeds;
a) should be fresh
b) germination and should be riding high power
c) Seeds drugs should have been
d) Diseases and dishwashers should not be
e) Types should not be mixed.
Sunflower; contained in the high rate (22-50%) due to the amount of fat, crude vegetable oil production is important for an oil plant. Sunflower oil, it contains a high proportion of multi-unsaturated fatty acids (69%), the low proportion of saturated fatty acids (11%) is due to the high nutritional value is one of the vegetable oils. Sunflower oil; liquid as is widely used in cooking and frying. Also, be mixed with other vegetable-oil margarine is made by cooking and Sofralık are also consumed. Today, 12.6% of world production of vegetable oil raw 'sı is covered by sunflowers. According to the change in our country, but 220-380 thousand tons of sunflower oil are produced annually. 46.7% of crude vegetable oil production turkey URI is covered by sunflowers. Sunflower; vary by year, the annual 1 million tonnes of crude oil imports and oil on the past to know that our most important oil crops is produced to close.
After removing the remaining oil in the cake, have high protein (32.3% shellfish, shell 46.8%). Therefore, as is very common in the production of mixed feed. The highest value of soybean oil cake after the oil seed cake metobolize is the energy (2260 kcal / kg). 6.8% of world production of oil seed cake 'i is covered by sunflowers.
Sunflower oil in the high-rate features in is quick to install linoleik yağasiti. Therefore, in the construction of oil paint has a very important place. Also, paper, plastic, soap, and is used as raw materials in the construction kozmatik products.
As one people roasted sunflower by the cookie is eaten with relish. Also, are used as birdseed.
Increase after harvest with the remaining deviations are considered as seed shells burn. Ash obtained from incineration of deviations in the high rate (36-40%) is potassium. The ashes to be sprinkled through the field, is perceived as fertilizer. In addition, deviations, and trays of sunflower; furfurol ekstraksiyonunda and paper are used in construction.
Sunflower, soybean and corn mixed with herbs such as green feed or silage shall be added as is made is used to feed animals.
Anchor is a sunflower plant. After their attachment to the plant leaves clean and aerate the soil. Therefore, the plant guard is a good October. Especially in our region of continuous wheat cultivation in irrigated areas, the root decomposition of the disease, can cause low wheat yield in the large. Therefore, the root of the problem of deterioration in the region, with Sunflower inserted into the October attacks, to prevent this disease and wheat yield of 20% in-50 rate increases are provided.
2. Sunflower Agriculture
2.1. Climate Request
Land and temperate climate of sunflower belt only an annual plant is grown in rainy areas. Adaptation has a very wide area. America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia belong to the continent in many different countries, agriculture is done. 50th in North America degree of latitude in the region as can be grown successfully. To show a normal development of the sunflower plant to have enough output, as in other plants, need for specific climates. Sunflower crops are grown in environmental conditions, its growth and development and seed quality and yield are affected in different ways. The South and the North American continent in the same kind of sunflower grown with the quality of seed obtained is different. To get a successful result in the Sunflower agriculture, environmental conditions against the need to react very well to know. In this case, changing environmental conditions by applying the appropriate techniques can be enough product.
Temperature: Sunflower plants against cold and high temperature is a plant highly tolerant. Therefore, a large spread in temperature sahiptir.120-130-day total during the period to 2600-2850 oC vejatasyon dir. Different development periods of sunflower plants have different temperature requirements. Soil temperature for germination of seeds have minimum +4 oC. However, it is normal for the germination, soil temperature should rise to at least 10-12 oC'ye. Increased soil temperature, seed germination and the riding is increasing in speed. Our region towards the end of February soil temperature, the germination of sunflower seeds will be known to reach normal values. From early October should be avoided.
Sunflower plant seedlings in the period against the cold is very durable. Plant, in the period of cotyledon blade, can stand up to -5 oC'ye. Of plant resistance to low temperature in stages up to 6-8 leafed period is reduced. Later in the period of plant development, temperature 0 oC'ye fall, the plant is damaged. In particular, further development in return for sunflower plants exposed to low temperatures, the plant will damage the tip of the growing point, and then plant the branch. With the branches of plant productivity is falling. Our region the end of February, March to October is the month, the sunflower plant, is not affected negatively by low heat. The period of bloom of plant exposure to low temperature, plant and fertilize to adversely affect users. Plant growth and development of 18-20 oC for night / day and 24-26 oC hot is optimal. Bitkinin Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) 28 oC in air temperature, the highest value reached. Optimum air temperature for photosynthesis in Plants, 30-35 oC'dir. Photosynthesis can be continued until 45 oC'ye. Photosynthesis oC'nin stands on 45.
Daytime air temperature 21-24 oC for sunflower production in agriculture is optimum. Powder at high temperatures on pollen germination 36-40 oC'nin can not, to fall into foreign dust hazard.
In the Çukurova region, the first spring planting, the air temperature of plant growth and development does not impact negatively on. However, the second product in the period of bloom in October, especially in the high temperature, negative affect interested in fertilization. Therefore, the second product to be made after October 20 of the month of July is recommended.
The growing period, especially during development of seeds, the resulting high temperature, can affect the composition of fatty acids and lowers the quality of fat.
The resulting high temperatures during the period of growth, protein rate rise, the oil rate decreases. The sunflower plant according to other oil crops more tolerant to temperature and higher oil production in these conditions is provided.
Day Length: Sunflower plant more sensitive to light, is not. Plant can bloom at the time of lighting is too wide. It is generally accepted as plant nötür days. However, more recently, the illumination has been developed against reaksiyoner breeding lines. Seed production, especially of mother and father lines to bloom simultaneously, much better lighting will have to learn to react against.
To be able to do normal photosynthesis in sunflower plants, need adequate amounts of light. In the case of insufficient light, significantly reduces the amount of photosynthesis. For example, the missing 40% of sunlight is grown in shade conditions, yield a reduction occurs in 64'lük%. In particular, the period of bloom-seed formation is not sufficient light, a significant amount of efficiency is reduced. Therefore, cloudy and sunny conditions just do not like. Sunflower plants, the growth during the period of high light intensity you want it to be. Lighting and light intensity in time, in our region do not have a problem in sunflower cultivation.
Sunflower leaves have fototropik features. So according to the light direction changes. Leaf photosynthesis of these features, so the yield is positively affected. A research has shown that the light directed towards the leaves, according to those who still benefit from more light, and 9% of plant photosynthesis fototropizm more than 10-23% increased capacity. Sunflower is a C3 plant.
Precipitation: Sunflower; more resistant to dry conditions but other cultures can not grow plants can be grown successfully in dry conditions. Sunflower plant a plant soil is the water in the well. Because the root system in the advanced and up to 2 m deep, is able to. Plant growth is not, even in drought stress conditions, fotsentezini sunflower plant is continuing. As a result, the sunflower plant is not affected by short-lasting drought and a reduction in efficiency will not occur.
Sunflower plant growth during the period of 500-600 mm total rainfall need. The rainfall in the growing period should be distributed. Sunflower plants vary by the region's water demand. This is because the soil structure, temperature, relative humidity, and wind effect is different by region. Daily water consumption of sunflower plants under normal conditions; 3.5-3.8 mm, while the air temperature of 35 oC 'water consumption is 7.5 mm is reached.
Different development periods of sunflower plants need water amount that is different. Sunflower seeds to germinate, the soil should be enough water. Compared with other crops, less water for germination of seeds may be sufficient. Research has shown that the output from the table until the beginning of the formation, the sunflower plant uses around 20% of the annual total water consumption.
Sunflower plants would need no more than the period of the water; 40-day period before and after the bloom is. During this period approximately 60% of plant annual total water consumption is used. Enter the period of bloom in the case of the efficiency of plant water stress is reduced. In particular, the 10-day period blooming and fertilization in plants subjected to water stress, the yield is very much affected. For example, during this period of the plant should receive a 20% decrease in the total amount of water, a 50% reduction in seed yield is caused. This is because in very dry conditions, men's bodies to become aware of the properties required for fertilization development (athesisin) is standing. 20% of the total water consumption of sunflower plants, the flower is used in the next period. 20-day period after flowering in the case of plant water stress, the oil yield is also affected in a negative way. Excessively dry conditions of the lower leaves of the plant begins to dry, you can continue stere, the institution will continue upwards. After all, photosynthesis and yield are negatively affected. Sunflower; does not love more humid regions. In the case of relative air humidity is high, the disease that causes deterioration of the table increases the negative effects. Therefore, Sunflower farming in the region has a low air relative humidity is selected. Early in the first spring planting in the air relative humidity, more than in our region do not have problems. However, the second product in October, due to high air humidity, trays are major problems of deterioration of the disease. Therefore, sowing time was delayed, table formation in September and high humidity, this coincidence is provided by the few, should minimize the impact of the disease.
Sunflower is not enough rainfall in agriculture or cultivation did not spread within the period, then must be watered. In the Çukurova region, made in early October in the first spring, a very dry month of May passes, the significant decrease in the efficiency can be. Therefore, especially in the period of bloom in the air would become too dry, irrigation is know to be done, will be significant increases in productivity. Other times, irrigation is needed. In the second product conditions without much watering should be avoided. Root and increases the impact of disease deterioration tray. Irrigation is obtained with significant yield increases. However, dry conditions are at least affected sunflower producers.
2.2. Soil Request
Request is not selective in terms of land more than Sunflower. Of sandy soil, clay soil, showing a different structure to changes in the soil can be grown successfully. In particular, the deep, alüviyal soil organic matter-rich, sunflower is very suitable for agriculture. Even more land is not productive, can show very good development. More stony, sandy soil and does not love yüzlek.
Soil pH = 6.0-7.2 in the Sunflower farming is among you will be asked. Normal development can not display more acidic soil. The soil water in the base of Sunflower farming should not be high and should not have drainage problems.
Tolerance to salinity in excess of the sunflower is a plant. 2-4 mmhos / cm is based on the salt concentration. This value is higher than the soil salinity, is not suitable for sunflower. 1% on the amount of NaCl in the soil out, the germination is affected negatively. NaCl'nin, on a 2% rise, then fall to zero to germination. In addition, to increase the amount of salt in the soil and the oil rate is reduced.
2.3. Seizures of October
The sunflower plant has the hitch for the more advanced green, during the period of growth in the amount of soil nutrients than are removed. Therefore, in the same field every year is made on top of October, falling productivity, the grains are smaller, and increased illness and harmful. In particular, the sunflower cultivation in the field, monsters grass (Orabanch) as an important root parasite damage to crops. To be effective in this hazardous area, the October seizure of absolute application is mandatory. Therefore, absolutely the same to the top of the field each year, Sunflower cultivation should not be done. October 4-year guard against Orabanşa apply.
Sunflower farming in the region according to the different plants are located in the October attack. Irrigated and dry farming areas also apply according to the October seizure of the systems are different. Adana Agriculture Works Directorate (Ceyhan-Adana) of land in the dry non-irrigated wheat fields, the Sunflower sowing is inserted into seizures, wheat fields and the low efficiency of the root causes of the deterioration of the disease and not be effective in the wheat yield increases (20-50%) is provided.
In aqueous conditions, Turfanda potato, soybean, peanut, and the plants in our region such as Egypt in October seizures are known to infiltrate. However, we will make Ayçiçek after sowing for plants, potash fertilizer application should be considered.
2.4. Soil Preparation
Sunflower seed bed preparation and processing agricultural land in the area may be different depending. The front of the plant after harvest (in June or fall) to plow fields, deep (20-25 cm) are treated as. In particular, in the fields of wheat sowing wheat after harvest and fall field should be a deeper version kültüvatörle again be involved. In this way, spend the winter in soil, at the beginning of the month of February should be mixed with kültüvatör. October when the time comes, fertilizer application and herbisit then be mixed with soil and over again kültüvatörü aysan gobledisk or be passed by the bolt must be made ready for field planting. Sunflower seeds are often added to the moist soil. Therefore, to establish team-building on the sprinkler is not more widespread. Sunflower farming is the second product; wheat stubble burning after harvest and fields to be watered and the pans should be brought back from the land must be made ready for planting the fields are processed (as well as soybean and Yerfıstığında).
2.5. Request for Food and Fertilization
As with other crops, sunflower, and continued growth and development can occur and result in an output may know for certain amounts of plant nutrients from soil should be removed. Quantity of nutrients removed, the yield according to the values obtained are subject to change. Therefore, an appropriate Sunflower farming in before fertilization, and it is determined by soil analysis should be done according to the efficiency target should be found in fertilizer recommendations. More nitrogen and potassium from the soil by sunflower is removed.
Nitrogen Fertilization of: Sunflower farming is the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, soil structure, according to the targeted yield and irrigation requirements are subject to change. The most important plants in the sunflower yield and nutrients, the nitrogen is limiting. Nitrogen, the first plant growth accelerates. Deficit, if the plant is not a normal development. Sunflower plant needs a period of growing 66% of the nitrogen to bloom until the end of the period. Therefore, the need of plant cultivation with 50% of nitrogen, the other half of the plants 20 - 25 cm size is (with the second anchor) must be used.
The recommended amount of nitrogen Sunflower; Schedule 1 can be seen from viewing; targeted approximately every 20 kg / da output for 1 kg / da nitrogen is. This amount varies depending on the number of soil structure and irrigation can. Dry conditions will apply and all should be reduces the amount of nitrogen should be applied with October.
Nitrogen deficiency in sunflower plants, plant height and shortening of the lower leaves to turn yellow in the cause. The maximum amount of nitrogen applied in agricultural sunflower plants and to accelerate growth in vejetatif much of deviation in size is caused by being undersized. In addition, the seed shell to reduce fat in one bold and.
Phosphorus Fertilization for: Sunflower plants in excess of the need to phosphorus is not to create a specific output of phosphorus fertilizer should be applied. The amount of phosphorus in agricultural land is Sunflowers analysis should be determined according to. Based on the amount of phosphorus in soil, according to targeted performance should be recommended phosphorus application. For a satisfactory performance according to Schedule 1 for the target, each 40-50 kg / da for yield, 1 kg / da P2O5 is ample. Before sowing or planting of the entire phosphorus fertilizer should be provided with. After all, 66% of sunflower plants need total phosphorus is in the bloom period. Phosphorus fertilizer, seeds for sowing machine with 5 cm and 5 cm should be given to the gold. Applied phosphorus, fat and oil quality of seed increase. Phosphorus deficiency in sunflower plants In a view such as the leaves were burned in the end emerge.
Potash to Fertilization: Sunflower plants in the soil for more than the amount of potash to remove, even though our country is not recommended conditions potash. Because the soil is of sufficient potash. Configured according to soil analysis, is determined the deficiency, Schedule 1 to the value of considering potash fertilizing should be done. Otherwise, the efficiency can not be expected. Potash fertilizers, should be applied before planting. Lack of potash in the leaves in the first months of the edge of yellow, then brown and dry to create a color occurs. Between leaf veins are surging.
1st Schedule Sunflower Agriculture in the Implementation Proposed Nitrogen, phosphorus and potash amounts (as pure)
Nitrogen Phosphorus Target Amount Amount Amount of potash
Yield (Kg / Da) (Kg / Da)
Kg / Da Kg / Da D O Y O Y CY CY D
140 7.4 4.5 2.3 - - 6.8 4.5 - --
160 7.9 4.5 2.3 - - 6.8 4.4 - --
180 9.1 4.5 2.3 - - 8.5 5.7 - --
205 10.2 4.5 2.3 - - 8.5 5.7 - --
230 11.3 5.7 3.4 - - 10.2 6.8 - --
250 12.4 5.7 3.4 2.3 - 10.2 6.8 - --
270 13.6 5.7 3.4 2.3 - 11.9 7.9 3.4 --
295 14.7 5.7 3.4 2.3 - 11.9 7.9 3.4 --
320 16.4 6.8 4.5 3.4 - 13.6 9.1 4.5 --
340 18.1 6.8 4.5 3.4 - 13.6 9.1 4.5 --
360 19.8 6.8 4.5 3.4 - 13.6 9.1 4.5 --
Amount of soil, D = low, O = Medium, H = High, CY = Very High
October before the implementation of the recommended amount of fertilizer:
Dry conditions, 35-40 kg / da 20.20.0 or 40-45 kg / da 15:15:15
Wet conditions, 40-45 kg / da 20.20.0 or 45-50 kg / da 15:15:15
2.6. Seed and Variety Selection
Romania until 1960, and our country is being added Bulgaristandan getirilen sunflower varieties, these varieties in 1962 with the Orabanşın seen in the Russian varieties (Vinimik 1646) was replaced. Today in some regions of our country of this kind are still attached. In the 1980s, after the hybrid sunflower varieties were introduced to our country. This kind of short-sized, highly efficient and rapidly increased production due to orabanşa wiriness and in recent years has become completely hybrid varieties are included.
Production of sunflower varieties in our region; Edirne-87, Turquoise, Alhaja, C.207, Sanbro, Nantıo, Tr.3080 Özdemir Bey, Tr.6149 SA, AS.508, AS.615, AS.6310, MO70, Isera, Super 25, Istranca, P.64A95 and P.64A12 (Orabanşın effective in the region), P.6433 and P.6482 dir. These are yağlık sunflower varieties. In addition to these types is available in coarse and çerezlik country yapılmaktadır October.
Sunflower farming regardless of the kind we choose, we will use quality seeds (certified) should be. In general, the common sunflower cultivation is done with pneumatic seed drill has become. Therefore, the germination rates of seeds to be high.
These features will be made in October must be the seeds;
a) should be fresh
b) germination and should be riding high power
c) Seeds drugs should have been
d) Diseases and dishwashers should not be
e) Types should not be mixed.
2.7. October
Soil temperature for germination of sunflower seeds have the minimun 8-10 oC. Soil temperature for germination of seeds to grow and to increase the riding speed. Therefore, timely sowing of the soil temperature is 12 oC is requested. Therefore, in determining the time of planting, soil temperature is an important factor. Soil temperature, germination of seeds may reach degrees, how much do early October, the yield, the proportion is higher. Therefore, should not be late in October. Non-irrigated land base in the Çukurova region most suitable sowing time for sunflower; the end of February - the month of March is the first half. Should be finished by the end of the month of October in our region in March. In late October is to decrease the efficiency. Sunflower agricultural products in the second, after the 15th of October and beginning of July until the end of the month and should be finished.
Sunflower cultivation machine is done. Seed price is expensive, is often used pneumatic seeder. However, some regions with normal seed drill planting is done. Distance between 65-70 cm during October as a hold, the order is over is between 30-35 cm. Depending on the enormity of the normal seed drill seed to decare 1.5-3.0 kg seeds are used. In October with pneumatic seeder 500-700 gr / da seed is good enough. No need to thin out after the pneumatic seeder, seeder normal after dilution in the output are required. Dry conditions in decares 4500-5500 crops, irrigated conditions in 5000-6500 crop is good enough to decares (Anonymous, 1992).
Soil structure and depth of planting varies, depending on humidity. Under normal circumstances the sowing depth of 4-6 cm between sunflowers to change, had escaped the deep soil moisture, planting depth can be removed up to 7 cm.
2.8. Maintenance
Sunflower seed, with the creation of appropriate conditions from 10-15 days after sowing the young plants sprout on the surface of the soil occurs. In case of environmental conditions suitable for rapid development of plants are. Growth and development of plants during periods of maintenance work required in accordance with the time and technical needs to be done without hitch. Otherwise, the efficiency can not be expected from the sunflowers. Sunflower in the maintenance of agriculture; Anchors and alien weed control, dilution, irrigation, diseases and harmful to fight.
Anchors and Foreign Ot Control: Sunflower plants in the first period of development and damage to foreign herbs are much affected. Therefore, beginning in early to deal with foreign herbs. Plants out of surface soil and is 10-12 cm long (4-6 leafed period) the first anchor, the plant is 25-30 cm long, the second anchor should be. Are filling the throat with the second anchor. The sunflower plant is rooted canopy, hoe and should not be deep (10 cm in depth should not be). Top fertilization (N) is to be made, should be provided with a second anchor. Plants reach 40 cm should be given the pick process. Especially in arid regions to prevent loss of water by evaporation, often must be made to pick. Sunflower farming is sufficient to anchor the 2-3.
Sunflower farming in the region, the dog grape, Şahtere, crowbar, Shepherd bag, Rooster comb, the Shepherd's crook, wild purslane and herbs harmful to foreigners, such as Barbed pıtrak. Sunflower field with a problem with the hoe to destroy foreign herbs, such as by using herbisitler check. Sunflower herbisitler used in agriculture;
Challange 600 (Aclonifen): October after 200-300 cc / or dose should be applied. Wild mustard, Sirken, cockscomb, Serçe language, nettle, bad hat grass, sticky weed, Gökbaş, Daisy, will be effective on grass yanancı such as wild radish and Darıcan.
Trifilin (Trifluralin): October before 150 - 200 ml / da dose of 5-7 cm depth into the soil and are applied to. Crowbar, cockscomb and narrow-leaf is effective against foreign herbs.
Gesegard (Prometryne): October immediately after the field surface, 300 ml / da dose should be applied. Crowbar, Shepherd bag, such as Rooster comb and wild purslane is effective against foreign herbs.
Linurex (Linuron) on the surface of the field immediately after the October 250 ml / da dose should be applied. Nightshade, Şahtere, crowbar, Shepherd bag, such as Rooster comb and wild purslane is effective against foreign herbs.
Formula Super (Qualazop-p-ethyl): Exit 100 on the surface of the field after the cc / da dose should be applied. Narrow-leafed herb of foreigners will be effective.
Normal growth and development in sunflower lousy, to be certain distances of the order must be on the plants. October's universal (normal) type seeder is made of, the order can not be set on the distance. Therefore, dilution should be made when the plants are 10-15 cm. Use of pneumatic seed drill, if there is no need to thin. Place on the range can be adjusted as desired.
Irrigation: The sunflower plant is very resistant to drought. However, significant yield increases is grown in irrigated conditions is obtained. Sunflower plants would need no more than the period of the water, table enterprises, the blossom end is the last period. 20 days ago in bloom and blossom, especially after 20-day period, water consumption is a period of critical care for the sunflower. During this period, not inserted into plant water stress. Precipitation is sufficient (annual rainfall of 600 mm and 400 mm spring) regions, irrigation is needed. However, the rainfall for irrigation in the region should be not sufficient. Irrigation with 50% and more can be gained from increased efficiency ratios. According to the bilateral and soil conditions in the region 3-4 irrigation are sunflowers. Enterprises, the first irrigation in sunflowers tray, the second and third irrigation irrigation bloom period is the period of my milk that it should be.
Irrigation in sunflowers, abdominal procedures are performed. Especially in the last hoe, hoe using Lister-type filling the throat and be done with his wife to create. In the fields after irrigation water should not be left.
Diseases and Pests fight: Sunflower plants and losses are incidental to the major constituent are harmful;
Makaslı Insect (Lethrus brachiicollis fair.) Olatak is found widely in the Thrace region. Ergin and seedlings during germination and root damage is by cutting the throat. 2-4 is seen in adult m'2 to 1 per drugs. Be made to all fields of medicines, such as the harmful social you can be done in the mouth of the hole in the soil.
Larva of meadow (Laxostege sticticalis L.): Marmara, Aegean and Black Sea regions are found to be common. Of plant leaves, buds and flowers are harmful by eating leaves. The fight is not done on time, all the leaves of plant locations. 1 of medicines should be seen m'2 the caterpillar 7-8.
Snail (Helix figulina): In particular, the germination period of abundant rainfall in the region (Çukurova region), to cut the damage to young seedlings. Occurs at night and the snail are harmful. It is very difficult struggle. Timely action is not taken, to bring about too much damage. Poisoned bran is recommended for drugs or top coating.
Birds: Sunflower farming is the most important problem of the bird damage. When the seeds mature birds on the table by getting to the wall is made by large losses occur. Usually the morning hours between 5-6 and 7-8 on the night brought more damage to occur. How the action taken against a loss if the bird you can not be more effective. However, the degree of damage following measures are recommended to decrease;
Cultural measures: For this, residential areas and near forested areas should be included ayçiçeği area. Tray should be downward drooping varieties.
Mechanical measures: Sunflower field will miss the birds create a loud noise. For this, periodically remove the top voice and the instruments should be used tüple work.
İlaçlı struggle: the end of flowering plants on a specially prepared by spray on drugs are no birds (Avitrol-99S). Also, smell the chemicals spread by birds miss is the use of drugs.
The numbers above, except that harmful; Bozkurt and (Agrotis spp.), Founded Çizgili leaves (HBN Spodeptera exigua.), The green worm (Heliothis spp.) And the red spider (Tetranychus spp.) As harmful, the sunflower plant can bring about the injury.
Kose Mildyö or disease (Plasmopara halstedii Farl.): In our country, all regions of the sunflower farming and when epidemic is a disease that causes significant yield loss. Diseases of the seeds and soil to be moved. Diseases of the seeds to be in the dishes, that is, the early period to have been infected in the case of (non-germination of seeds, the four-leaf circuit), the seedlings developed weak, dry leaves of young plants, and plants would die in a short time. Because the fungus disease of factors, the plant into the transmission beam to the whole plant and then spread to block the transmission beam. Plant diseases in future periods to be caught (8-10 leafed period), plants become stunted, and leaves the body in the hardening, brittle to occur. Also, plant the flowers and seeds of the above does not create or open the tray will bring forth. In the bottom of the leaves to Diseases in a white mask known to be visible to the naked. In the fight against this disease, diseased plants early in the case of the circuit shown in the disassembly should be removed from the field, young plants, cupric and organic as pharmaceuticals fungisitlerle be protective. And apply the four-year planting resistant varieties of seizures should be included.
Body and Tray deterioration of the disease (Sclerotinia scleretiorum Lib.): In our country, is widely seen as a disease. Seeds can be spread and earth. In particular, infections tray, after blooming yağan after more rain, soil and bring forth the skleroitlerin germination of the sport is generated by moving air. Place the tray to the disease, the short time table to cause the decay. The first symptoms of disease plants, the leaves turn yellow and then briefly in all of the plant and to dry quickly as you can see the left. The fight against this disease which can be used clean seed, resistant varieties should be added, October seizure of the land base implemented and should be avoided without excessive watering.
Rust disease (Puccinia HÉLIANTHE Schw.): Our country is a disease seen in all sunflower production areas. However, there is no negative impact on the efficiency. Pas; leaves can be seen in the cinnamon-colored pustules. The pustules of the fungus are summer sports. Severe rust infections in the body and the protective sheet on the table is seen. This illness, Konukcu plants, sunflowers and moved to the plant, being sick. Generally, should appear in August. Diseases time before the dishwasher plant is mature and the seeds remain undersized. In the struggle, resistant varieties should be included, Konukcu plants in spring and should be removed immediately from the fields of disease in the area next year as sunflower oil should be added.
This, among other diseases, and damage that occur incidental to the sunflower which has a large number of factors in disease. These washiness disease (Verticillium dahlia Klebahn), leaf blotch disease (HÉLIANTHE Alternaria, Septoria HÉLIANTHE and Pseudomonas syringae), deterioration of Tabla (Botrytis cinerea Pers. And Rhizopus sp.), Crashes the disease (Phthium ophanidermatum, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani), Foma (Phoma oleracea), deterioration of Coal (Macrophomina phaseoli), Virus diseases (Mosaic V., Ringspot V.) and Mikoplazma disease (Aster yellow) is.
Orobanş (Orobanche to Friday): Sunflower plants and losses are incidental to the constituent is a parasite. Orobanş; beast is known as grass or grass Tuberculosis. Belongs to the sunflower seeds to germinate plants Orobanş plants and plant extracts of the roots will pester the absorbed water will prevent the development of the plant. In particular, the water absorbed by plant extracts of the leaves to the left, thereby reducing photosynthesis in plants or cause to stop. Dry conditions are more Orabanş damage. 60-70% yield loss occurs due Orabanş is. Dry conditions are more orobanşın effect. According to the intensity of each sunflower plant soil 3-4, sometimes 20-30 orobanş is incidental. In the struggle; Orobanş seeds to reproduce, in the fields seen orobanş plants, seeds and discarded disassembly should be poured, long-term cultivation of seizures and must be applied to the October attacks, beans, peas, tomatoes, tobacco, clover, Fiğ and poppy plants, such as introduction orobanş'dan not affected. Also, orobanşa resistant varieties should be included.
2.9. Harvest and blending
Sunflower; kind features, depending on the approximately 120 days after sowing to harvest maturity is reached. This is our country falls on July-August months. Sunflower harvest time comes in, the plant's sap, leaves and yellow tray, the tray on the edge of the yellow flowers are poured, at edges of the tray protective leaves get brown color and moisture in the seed rate to fall below 25%. Sunflower harvest too, are expected to dry the seeds, the seeds can be poured to form and damage by birds is increasing. Therefore, the moisture ratio of seed likely to fall 12'lere%, 20-25% moisture at harvest had been starts. Sunflower seeds mature in the manual harvesting is done early in the harvest, the seeds will be undersized for the yield to fall. Similarly, the harvest will be late, the seeds are shed and bird damage is increasing. Therefore, when harvest time came to harvest more than per expected. In sunflower harvest by hand or machine is done.
Machine harvest: Sunflower harvest is used in the normal wheat harvester. Harvest losses are very high, however (to achieve 46'ya%). Normal wheat harvester and the necessary arrangements to be made trays shall be changed, sunflower harvest can be performed. There is no need for custom harvester. In addition, seeds and grains to be broken to avoid loss, the necessary adjustments on the combine harvester must be done carefully (batör-kontibatör range, the size and wind speed, screens, etc.). Harvester during harvesting speed 5-8 km / hour should be. Harvesting machine, the format height varies between 30-60 cm. Machine harvesting, the table and need to dry seeds (seed rate of 12% in the moisture-15'lere should fall). The product obtained after the harvest moisture is high, the drying is done, humidity rate 9.5-10% 's should be reduced. Otherwise, the seeds are damaged by mildew.
Manual Harvest: deviation of the plant leaves turn yellow and the seeds on the tray, mature until the middle of the table, for hand harvesting, is time to harvest. The rate of seed moisture is not necessary to fall 15'lere%. Come harvest time, the tray is cut with the sickle and the threshing floor by filling out the trailer moves. Harman place on tray and dry the seeds, the seeds by using various methods are blended.
Sunflowers in the blending process;
a. Tray of dried birch, the
b. Two trays of each other, the
c. Tray was crushed with the beat,
d. Through on a tractor with Tray
e. Tray is a special blend were machines or
f. Table in front of the harvester is made redundant.
The end product obtained by blending hand or by flying, is cleared. Seed rate is high in moisture, a certain amount of time will be established under the sun. Then, sacks, or by filling out harallara, stored or moved to the place of purchase.
2.10. Drying and Storage
Or blend the products obtained after the harvest rate of 10% on the moisture, the drying process should be done. Sunflowers in the drying, as can be done under the sun in terms of subject, which was established in the drying plant is done. 10% of the seed after drying the moisture should be reduced to gold. In sunflowers, 9.5% seed moisture and air humidity of 75% in a state of balance. Seed rate is low even in the damp air in case of high relative humidity, equilibrium moisture because moisture in the seed rate rises in a short time. For a healthy sunflower storage, store in air humidity, should not be above the 75'lerin%. 11% of the moisture out of the seed, to be operational, and some fungi cause deterioration to the product.
Sunflower product special is stored in the silo or store name. Store the product, are available as bulk. Store in temperatures and increase product to avoid the rut, ventilation process needs to be done very carefully. Warming and humidifying the air, especially away from the store needs to be rapidly
Soil temperature for germination of sunflower seeds have the minimun 8-10 oC. Soil temperature for germination of seeds to grow and to increase the riding speed. Therefore, timely sowing of the soil temperature is 12 oC is requested. Therefore, in determining the time of planting, soil temperature is an important factor. Soil temperature, germination of seeds may reach degrees, how much do early October, the yield, the proportion is higher. Therefore, should not be late in October. Non-irrigated land base in the Çukurova region most suitable sowing time for sunflower; the end of February - the month of March is the first half. Should be finished by the end of the month of October in our region in March. In late October is to decrease the efficiency. Sunflower agricultural products in the second, after the 15th of October and beginning of July until the end of the month and should be finished.
Sunflower cultivation machine is done. Seed price is expensive, is often used pneumatic seeder. However, some regions with normal seed drill planting is done. Distance between 65-70 cm during October as a hold, the order is over is between 30-35 cm. Depending on the enormity of the normal seed drill seed to decare 1.5-3.0 kg seeds are used. In October with pneumatic seeder 500-700 gr / da seed is good enough. No need to thin out after the pneumatic seeder, seeder normal after dilution in the output are required. Dry conditions in decares 4500-5500 crops, irrigated conditions in 5000-6500 crop is good enough to decares (Anonymous, 1992).
Soil structure and depth of planting varies, depending on humidity. Under normal circumstances the sowing depth of 4-6 cm between sunflowers to change, had escaped the deep soil moisture, planting depth can be removed up to 7 cm.
2.8. Maintenance
Sunflower seed, with the creation of appropriate conditions from 10-15 days after sowing the young plants sprout on the surface of the soil occurs. In case of environmental conditions suitable for rapid development of plants are. Growth and development of plants during periods of maintenance work required in accordance with the time and technical needs to be done without hitch. Otherwise, the efficiency can not be expected from the sunflowers. Sunflower in the maintenance of agriculture; Anchors and alien weed control, dilution, irrigation, diseases and harmful to fight.
Anchors and Foreign Ot Control: Sunflower plants in the first period of development and damage to foreign herbs are much affected. Therefore, beginning in early to deal with foreign herbs. Plants out of surface soil and is 10-12 cm long (4-6 leafed period) the first anchor, the plant is 25-30 cm long, the second anchor should be. Are filling the throat with the second anchor. The sunflower plant is rooted canopy, hoe and should not be deep (10 cm in depth should not be). Top fertilization (N) is to be made, should be provided with a second anchor. Plants reach 40 cm should be given the pick process. Especially in arid regions to prevent loss of water by evaporation, often must be made to pick. Sunflower farming is sufficient to anchor the 2-3.
Sunflower farming in the region, the dog grape, Şahtere, crowbar, Shepherd bag, Rooster comb, the Shepherd's crook, wild purslane and herbs harmful to foreigners, such as Barbed pıtrak. Sunflower field with a problem with the hoe to destroy foreign herbs, such as by using herbisitler check. Sunflower herbisitler used in agriculture;
Challange 600 (Aclonifen): October after 200-300 cc / or dose should be applied. Wild mustard, Sirken, cockscomb, Serçe language, nettle, bad hat grass, sticky weed, Gökbaş, Daisy, will be effective on grass yanancı such as wild radish and Darıcan.
Trifilin (Trifluralin): October before 150 - 200 ml / da dose of 5-7 cm depth into the soil and are applied to. Crowbar, cockscomb and narrow-leaf is effective against foreign herbs.
Gesegard (Prometryne): October immediately after the field surface, 300 ml / da dose should be applied. Crowbar, Shepherd bag, such as Rooster comb and wild purslane is effective against foreign herbs.
Linurex (Linuron) on the surface of the field immediately after the October 250 ml / da dose should be applied. Nightshade, Şahtere, crowbar, Shepherd bag, such as Rooster comb and wild purslane is effective against foreign herbs.
Formula Super (Qualazop-p-ethyl): Exit 100 on the surface of the field after the cc / da dose should be applied. Narrow-leafed herb of foreigners will be effective.
Normal growth and development in sunflower lousy, to be certain distances of the order must be on the plants. October's universal (normal) type seeder is made of, the order can not be set on the distance. Therefore, dilution should be made when the plants are 10-15 cm. Use of pneumatic seed drill, if there is no need to thin. Place on the range can be adjusted as desired.
Irrigation: The sunflower plant is very resistant to drought. However, significant yield increases is grown in irrigated conditions is obtained. Sunflower plants would need no more than the period of the water, table enterprises, the blossom end is the last period. 20 days ago in bloom and blossom, especially after 20-day period, water consumption is a period of critical care for the sunflower. During this period, not inserted into plant water stress. Precipitation is sufficient (annual rainfall of 600 mm and 400 mm spring) regions, irrigation is needed. However, the rainfall for irrigation in the region should be not sufficient. Irrigation with 50% and more can be gained from increased efficiency ratios. According to the bilateral and soil conditions in the region 3-4 irrigation are sunflowers. Enterprises, the first irrigation in sunflowers tray, the second and third irrigation irrigation bloom period is the period of my milk that it should be.
Irrigation in sunflowers, abdominal procedures are performed. Especially in the last hoe, hoe using Lister-type filling the throat and be done with his wife to create. In the fields after irrigation water should not be left.
Diseases and Pests fight: Sunflower plants and losses are incidental to the major constituent are harmful;
Makaslı Insect (Lethrus brachiicollis fair.) Olatak is found widely in the Thrace region. Ergin and seedlings during germination and root damage is by cutting the throat. 2-4 is seen in adult m'2 to 1 per drugs. Be made to all fields of medicines, such as the harmful social you can be done in the mouth of the hole in the soil.
Larva of meadow (Laxostege sticticalis L.): Marmara, Aegean and Black Sea regions are found to be common. Of plant leaves, buds and flowers are harmful by eating leaves. The fight is not done on time, all the leaves of plant locations. 1 of medicines should be seen m'2 the caterpillar 7-8.
Snail (Helix figulina): In particular, the germination period of abundant rainfall in the region (Çukurova region), to cut the damage to young seedlings. Occurs at night and the snail are harmful. It is very difficult struggle. Timely action is not taken, to bring about too much damage. Poisoned bran is recommended for drugs or top coating.
Birds: Sunflower farming is the most important problem of the bird damage. When the seeds mature birds on the table by getting to the wall is made by large losses occur. Usually the morning hours between 5-6 and 7-8 on the night brought more damage to occur. How the action taken against a loss if the bird you can not be more effective. However, the degree of damage following measures are recommended to decrease;
Cultural measures: For this, residential areas and near forested areas should be included ayçiçeği area. Tray should be downward drooping varieties.
Mechanical measures: Sunflower field will miss the birds create a loud noise. For this, periodically remove the top voice and the instruments should be used tüple work.
İlaçlı struggle: the end of flowering plants on a specially prepared by spray on drugs are no birds (Avitrol-99S). Also, smell the chemicals spread by birds miss is the use of drugs.
The numbers above, except that harmful; Bozkurt and (Agrotis spp.), Founded Çizgili leaves (HBN Spodeptera exigua.), The green worm (Heliothis spp.) And the red spider (Tetranychus spp.) As harmful, the sunflower plant can bring about the injury.
Kose Mildyö or disease (Plasmopara halstedii Farl.): In our country, all regions of the sunflower farming and when epidemic is a disease that causes significant yield loss. Diseases of the seeds and soil to be moved. Diseases of the seeds to be in the dishes, that is, the early period to have been infected in the case of (non-germination of seeds, the four-leaf circuit), the seedlings developed weak, dry leaves of young plants, and plants would die in a short time. Because the fungus disease of factors, the plant into the transmission beam to the whole plant and then spread to block the transmission beam. Plant diseases in future periods to be caught (8-10 leafed period), plants become stunted, and leaves the body in the hardening, brittle to occur. Also, plant the flowers and seeds of the above does not create or open the tray will bring forth. In the bottom of the leaves to Diseases in a white mask known to be visible to the naked. In the fight against this disease, diseased plants early in the case of the circuit shown in the disassembly should be removed from the field, young plants, cupric and organic as pharmaceuticals fungisitlerle be protective. And apply the four-year planting resistant varieties of seizures should be included.
Body and Tray deterioration of the disease (Sclerotinia scleretiorum Lib.): In our country, is widely seen as a disease. Seeds can be spread and earth. In particular, infections tray, after blooming yağan after more rain, soil and bring forth the skleroitlerin germination of the sport is generated by moving air. Place the tray to the disease, the short time table to cause the decay. The first symptoms of disease plants, the leaves turn yellow and then briefly in all of the plant and to dry quickly as you can see the left. The fight against this disease which can be used clean seed, resistant varieties should be added, October seizure of the land base implemented and should be avoided without excessive watering.
Rust disease (Puccinia HÉLIANTHE Schw.): Our country is a disease seen in all sunflower production areas. However, there is no negative impact on the efficiency. Pas; leaves can be seen in the cinnamon-colored pustules. The pustules of the fungus are summer sports. Severe rust infections in the body and the protective sheet on the table is seen. This illness, Konukcu plants, sunflowers and moved to the plant, being sick. Generally, should appear in August. Diseases time before the dishwasher plant is mature and the seeds remain undersized. In the struggle, resistant varieties should be included, Konukcu plants in spring and should be removed immediately from the fields of disease in the area next year as sunflower oil should be added.
This, among other diseases, and damage that occur incidental to the sunflower which has a large number of factors in disease. These washiness disease (Verticillium dahlia Klebahn), leaf blotch disease (HÉLIANTHE Alternaria, Septoria HÉLIANTHE and Pseudomonas syringae), deterioration of Tabla (Botrytis cinerea Pers. And Rhizopus sp.), Crashes the disease (Phthium ophanidermatum, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani), Foma (Phoma oleracea), deterioration of Coal (Macrophomina phaseoli), Virus diseases (Mosaic V., Ringspot V.) and Mikoplazma disease (Aster yellow) is.
Orobanş (Orobanche to Friday): Sunflower plants and losses are incidental to the constituent is a parasite. Orobanş; beast is known as grass or grass Tuberculosis. Belongs to the sunflower seeds to germinate plants Orobanş plants and plant extracts of the roots will pester the absorbed water will prevent the development of the plant. In particular, the water absorbed by plant extracts of the leaves to the left, thereby reducing photosynthesis in plants or cause to stop. Dry conditions are more Orabanş damage. 60-70% yield loss occurs due Orabanş is. Dry conditions are more orobanşın effect. According to the intensity of each sunflower plant soil 3-4, sometimes 20-30 orobanş is incidental. In the struggle; Orobanş seeds to reproduce, in the fields seen orobanş plants, seeds and discarded disassembly should be poured, long-term cultivation of seizures and must be applied to the October attacks, beans, peas, tomatoes, tobacco, clover, Fiğ and poppy plants, such as introduction orobanş'dan not affected. Also, orobanşa resistant varieties should be included.
2.9. Harvest and blending
Sunflower; kind features, depending on the approximately 120 days after sowing to harvest maturity is reached. This is our country falls on July-August months. Sunflower harvest time comes in, the plant's sap, leaves and yellow tray, the tray on the edge of the yellow flowers are poured, at edges of the tray protective leaves get brown color and moisture in the seed rate to fall below 25%. Sunflower harvest too, are expected to dry the seeds, the seeds can be poured to form and damage by birds is increasing. Therefore, the moisture ratio of seed likely to fall 12'lere%, 20-25% moisture at harvest had been starts. Sunflower seeds mature in the manual harvesting is done early in the harvest, the seeds will be undersized for the yield to fall. Similarly, the harvest will be late, the seeds are shed and bird damage is increasing. Therefore, when harvest time came to harvest more than per expected. In sunflower harvest by hand or machine is done.
Machine harvest: Sunflower harvest is used in the normal wheat harvester. Harvest losses are very high, however (to achieve 46'ya%). Normal wheat harvester and the necessary arrangements to be made trays shall be changed, sunflower harvest can be performed. There is no need for custom harvester. In addition, seeds and grains to be broken to avoid loss, the necessary adjustments on the combine harvester must be done carefully (batör-kontibatör range, the size and wind speed, screens, etc.). Harvester during harvesting speed 5-8 km / hour should be. Harvesting machine, the format height varies between 30-60 cm. Machine harvesting, the table and need to dry seeds (seed rate of 12% in the moisture-15'lere should fall). The product obtained after the harvest moisture is high, the drying is done, humidity rate 9.5-10% 's should be reduced. Otherwise, the seeds are damaged by mildew.
Manual Harvest: deviation of the plant leaves turn yellow and the seeds on the tray, mature until the middle of the table, for hand harvesting, is time to harvest. The rate of seed moisture is not necessary to fall 15'lere%. Come harvest time, the tray is cut with the sickle and the threshing floor by filling out the trailer moves. Harman place on tray and dry the seeds, the seeds by using various methods are blended.
Sunflowers in the blending process;
a. Tray of dried birch, the
b. Two trays of each other, the
c. Tray was crushed with the beat,
d. Through on a tractor with Tray
e. Tray is a special blend were machines or
f. Table in front of the harvester is made redundant.
The end product obtained by blending hand or by flying, is cleared. Seed rate is high in moisture, a certain amount of time will be established under the sun. Then, sacks, or by filling out harallara, stored or moved to the place of purchase.
2.10. Drying and Storage
Or blend the products obtained after the harvest rate of 10% on the moisture, the drying process should be done. Sunflowers in the drying, as can be done under the sun in terms of subject, which was established in the drying plant is done. 10% of the seed after drying the moisture should be reduced to gold. In sunflowers, 9.5% seed moisture and air humidity of 75% in a state of balance. Seed rate is low even in the damp air in case of high relative humidity, equilibrium moisture because moisture in the seed rate rises in a short time. For a healthy sunflower storage, store in air humidity, should not be above the 75'lerin%. 11% of the moisture out of the seed, to be operational, and some fungi cause deterioration to the product.
Sunflower product special is stored in the silo or store name. Store the product, are available as bulk. Store in temperatures and increase product to avoid the rut, ventilation process needs to be done very carefully. Warming and humidifying the air, especially away from the store needs to be rapidly
