l. INTRODUCTION
Culture apple (Malus communis Lam.) Farming is done in our country, but the best cultural centers in parallel with its invasion of the wild is located in northern Anatolia. North Anatolian, Black Sea coastal region and between Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia yaylaraı and that the passage area in the South in recent years in the Lakes Region of apple growing areas constitute important.
Apple production in the world, Turkey, China, United States and France is ranked fourth after. In Turkey, in 1988 the total number of apple tree 39 780 000 units and 1 950 000 tonnes, while production; 38,000,000 units in 1998, the number of trees and production of 2 450 000 tons a reached. Also in 1988 the average yield of the trees in 1998 was 62.5 Kg 64.5 Kg 'a rose.
2. REQUESTS the ECOLOGICAL APPLE
2.1. Climate Requests
Apple temperate, cold temperate climate, especially is the fruit. Usually the world is grown in 30 ° -50 ° latitude. 500 meters in the Aegean region in Turkey. Mediterranean and Southeast Anatolia Region than 800 meters in warm and dry place is grown up in places. High light intensity allows the formation of a much better color in apples. Low temperatures have an apple tree is resistant to harsh winter. During the rest of the winter woods -35 ° C to -40 ° C 'a, blooming flowers and small fruits -2.2 ° C and -2.3 ° C -1.1 ° C and -2.2 ° C. Based on while they
Need to rest up to winter apple is a type of fruit. Experiments on the need to meet in the cold apples + 7.2 ° C below the 2322-3648 time depending on the variety must remain. 0 ° C! 1081-2094 hours under the need to cold. Some of the results of cold inadequate flowers die, the rest of the flowers opening much later than normal as well, and is irregular. Thus, fertilization failure caused by late opening flowers and is poured. Apple tree leaves in the cold eyes did not go to will not last and the trees remain bare. Apple also does not like high summer heat. Temperature 40 ° C when growth stops on the exit, higher temperatures on the damage to be added starts.
2.2. Soil Requests
Apple usually gives successful results in many soil types. Sub-soil structure is important to place the garden will be established. Sub-soil, plant roots will never stay in the water and to facilitate the spread of roots should be drained. Retentive soil to develop hard and prevents the bottom of the tree growth and adversely affect the life. With the best sub-soil is gravel-ting. Soil depth is 2 meters or more is requested. The best soil for growing apples as optimal pH 6.0-6.5 and within the normal lime and humus and sufficient moisture with the ting, ting-ting with-sand or sandy soil is permeable with.
3. For APPLE ROOTSTOCKS
3.1. Seeds for rootstocks (generative rootstocks)
These rootstocks seeds are produced. Plants obtained from seeds of wild apples "çöğür", obtained from seeds of cultural variations the "corruption" is called.
Both apples are used as the main process. Both of rootstock varieties grafted them bedtime fruit, tree of life, in terms of their effects on fruit quality is an important difference between them. That is similar to one another corrupt with çöğür. Grow strongly in both rootstocks, these kinds of grafted fruit lie passed, trees are long-lived and will yield abundant.
Rootstocks of apple seeds (Malus sylvestris Mill) in our country's traditional culture as apple rootstocks are used. Obtained from the seeds of wild apples are grown. On this rootstock Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith varieties are growing strongly, such as when they were vaccinated 5.5-6.0 m. long until the trees which form a strong and "standards" are defined as growing trees.
Such trees yield is down to 5-6 years, 12-15 years and 25-30 years after the switch to full efficiency in economic terms, they begin to fall from efficiency. These trees, according to the fertility of the soil to the garden 1 decar 15-25 trees is required. In this tree pruning, medicines, fruit cultural practices such as harvesting diluted job very difficult.
Seeds of wild broodstock (çöğür) on Starkrimson Delicious, Golden Delicious Starkspur such as developing semi-dwarf (spur type) can be immunized in kind. Even the most successful semi-dwarf varieties of apples grown on the seeds are given the time they were vaccinated. In this case, due to variations of up to 35% 30-an effect is obtained bodurlaşma.
Obtained seeds in areas with favorable growing conditions (such as the Aegean region) in the fall is usually a direct addition to the vaccine and follow-up plots in the summer period are developing çöğür vaccine. Conditions are not favorable to the pan where the seeds sown the seeds obtained after one year from the same year in the fall vaccination çöğür surprised to parcel. The subsequent surprise in the summer period are also çöğür vaccine.
Either vaccine in the spring eye çöğür apple shoots in late summer or vaccinated with the vaccine are still observed. Nurseries in our homes (in Fruit Production Station) generally calm T (Kalkan) observed when the vaccine is applied, and applied in the first week of July begins, rootstocks and pen shell continues until you provide.
3.2. Broodstock of clones (for vegetative rootstocks)
In our country in recent years, pruning, drugs for, dilution, used in harvesting and other yard work for high wages, growers are forced to comply with the requirements of modern fruit.
Modern fruit growing, the only variety to be vaccinated (pen), but the standard of qualifications to be in rootstocks is desirable. Obtained through these days vegetative clones of rootstocks in modern fruit growing rootstock-desirable items (types) have ensure that standardization is an example to possibly enter the garden was set up. Produced as much vegetative dwarf apple rootstock clones varies from up to very strong. These are in the UK in 1912 were selected from broodstock collected at the East Malling Research Station. Then in 1928 cotton bit resistant MM (Malling Merton) series, most recently as Long Aston Research Station in partnership with ta ari virus in the PROPERTY series has been developed.
Figure 1 Apple trees on different rootstocks to grow as comparative.
Clones of apple rootstocks "Stool Bed Layering" and called the first time in Turkey in 1986 in Tokat Fruit Production Station Directorate, a branch plant system which is easily replicated.
These forces, according to the development of cloned rootstocks are classified as follows;
Very Bodur M 8, M 9, M 27
Bodur M 26
Semi-dwarf M 7, MM 106
Strong M 2, MM 104, MM 111
Very Strong M 16, M 25, MM 109, local and traditional seeds (Çöğür) broodstock and
This is most commonly used rootstocks in fruit from it may now M 9, MM 106 and MM 111 'dir.
Now let's briefly identify these rootstocks;
M 9: Multi-dwarf rootstocks in the world these days is the best to navigate the main M 9. Grow better in fertile soil. Need support from planting for the lifetime show. Immediately begins to give fruit planting next year and the best conditions, even the size will not exceed 270 cm. 20-grow up to 40% of Çöğür.
M 9 throat to rot (Phytophytora spp), but fire blight-resistant (erwina amylovora) and cotton bite (Eriosoma lanigerum) is sensitive.
M 9 main process "Stool Bed Layering" or the top branches are replicated with.
M 9 rootstock cultivars grafted to the "thin spindle shape" (Slender Spindle) are formed according to the training system and pruning are.
M 9 rootstock varieties grafted to the established gardens with planting intervals to be applied according to soil fertility (1.5 mx 3.5 m) or (2,0 mx 3,5 m) should be.
M 9 on the main process certainly Starkrimson Delicious or Golden Delicious Starkspur such as developing semi-dwarf cultivars should not be vaccinated, Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith emerging as strong (standard) varieties of processed vaccine derived seedlings should be established with the garden.
Economic life of the main process M 9 grafted varieties 15-20 years. 60-70 kg per tree in fertile soil until they bear fruit that this product is the decar from the average of 7 tons. As the number of trees falling Dekar least 80-100 pieces, fertile soils, the trees must be calculated 140-150.
MM 106: in today's world and our country the most preferred rootstock cotton that bite (Eriosoma lanigerum) proof, but to root rot (Phytophytora spp) are sensitive. MM 106 semi-dwarf and the main process (Spur-type) rootstocks and varieties suitable for growing particularly strongly is a rootstock.
MM 106 is the first vaccine on the semi-dwarf varieties of flowers break should not take 3 years to fruit.
Developing seeds of a strong rootstock MM 106 main process (of çöğür)% 50-60 is much improved. Semi-dwarf varieties growing on the trees, the vaccine has been grafted on M 9, almost a kind of strong, such as development remains small. In this regard will be given planting intervals, depending on the types of vaccine will be. Strong growing variety is the vaccine, according to the strength of the soil (5 mx 3m) or (6m x 3m), semi-dwarf varieties developed the vaccine is (2,5 m x 4.0m) or (3 mx 4m) planting intervals should be given.
Developing different types of vaccine is strong peak on the branched (modified leader), semi-dwarf varieties of the vaccine is the shape of pine (one leader and many lateral branch) training system is recommended.
"Stool Bed Layering" and "top branch" In the easy and replicated these rootstocks above 70% with ordinary steel wood roots.
MM 111: Today's most popular and recommended that this rootstock grow strong and upright. Cultivars grafted on MM 111 trees make up half of their strengths and strong growth of the seed rootstock (of çöğür) grow up to 75% to 80. Need Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, and as well as developing strong Starkrimson Delicious, Granny Smith Spur Starkspur and Golden Delicious varieties with good performance are emerging as yarıbodur. Strong growing varieties will be given the vaccine when planting intervals (3.5mx 6.0m), spur the kind of soil is the vaccine according vermliliğine (3.0mx 4.5m) or (3m x 5m) should be.
4. Reproductive Biology of the added APPLE
Founded with a single variety apple orchard on the abundant flowers, although, at fruit that the biggest reason for failure of fertilization is the problem. Apple varieties are generally self-sterile. So, can not be fertilized with its own flower dust. The flowers of a different kind of dust to fertilize necessarily user need. Therefore, a good kind of garden is being established should be a mixture composition. When a mixture of varieties, fertilization of the preferred main types of user types (or types) need to know. Fertilization are shown below the user types table.
4.1. Problems To Be Considered in the fertilization of the Solution Considerations
- Apple garden, the most favorable in terms of pollination for fertilization schedule should be established. The ratio of the main types of user types fertilization should be 10-15%. According to this rate, planting seedlings each side 10-15 fertilize number of user types, 85-90 number should consist of the main varieties. 12-15 meters from the main types of user types fertilize further away should be.
- Select the type should not be a conflict between the terms periyodiste. Periyodiste, the trees bear fruit one year and subsequent years is heard. Chosen as the user types a character that fertilization is the fertilization in the rest of this kind happens. For example, a variety Amasya peryodiste absolute diamond. Red Delicious and Golden Delicious a year too, will bear fruit as a mid-year. Jonathan and Rome Beauty varieties of fruit every year to give the characters are.
- Choose between the variety of flowering date should not be a significant difference. Above that inside the assortment, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious and Jonathan at the same time to blossom hand, Rome Beauty, then from these three kinds of blossoms. For this reason, Rome Beauty varieties suitable for these three types of user can not fertilize.
- 90% in apples that foreign bees make pollination. Necessary for young apple orchard bee hive for the amount of every four or every 30-40 decar decar 15 for 000 - 20 000 bee is. For the past trees to full efficiency to 3-4 times this amount should be removed. Time to study and bee pollination of flowers to ensure the gardens should not be drugs.
Fertilization of apple varieties users 1.Bazı Schedule
Main Varieties
Fertilizing User Types
Main Varieties
Fertilizing User Types
Golden Delicious
Red Delicious
Jonathan
Starkrimson Delicious
Starking Delicious
Winesap
Granny Smith
Golden Delicious
Red Delicious
Starking Delicious
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Black Stayman Improved 201
Golden Delicious
Starking Delicious
Jonathan
Rome Beauty
Starkrimson Delicious
Starkspur Golden Delicious
Golden Delicious
Stark Earlyeast
Amasya
Starking Delicious
Golden Delicious
Granny Smith
Beacon
Starkspur Golden Delicious
Starkrimson Delicious
Starking Delicious
Jonathan
Stark Earlyeast
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Mc. Intosh
Delicious
Jonathan
Golden Delicious
Grimes Golden
Mc. Intosh
Cox Orange Pippin
Reinne des Renette
Mc. Intosh
Cortland
Delicious
Jonathan
Staymared
Golden Delicious
Rome Beauty
Imparature
Delicious
Yellow English (hüryemez)
Starking Delicious
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Mutsu
Red Delicious
Starking Delicious
Granny Smith
Beacon
Red Delicious
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Mc. Intosh
Rome Beauty
Beacon
Granny Smith
Black Stayman Improved 201
Stayman Winesap
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Starking Delicious
Mc. Intosh
5. APPLE VARIETIES
The number of apple varieties in the world today are over 6 500 and, in Turkey, this number is found 460'ı. These include quality, in terms of efficiency in commercial farming to high and the number is very small.
Apple varieties in the area centuries yetiştircilik natural selection, the chance of spontaneous mutations occur at çöğür and have come. In today's modern apple breeding, breeding through hybridization in terms of quality and efficiency had been achieved kind of very superior.
Fruit used to force the development of rootstocks and varieties as well as a decrease in other words, trees, shrubs intensive (often planting) will be taken step towards fruit. Unit area is more intense in the number of fruit trees were used to obtain a higher yield. Dwarf tree orchard was established in the early years of the product is taken. And the reduced labor costs, cultural practices and maintenance easier and better quality fruit production is possible. Dwarf apple trees are either weak or semi-dwarf rootstocks growing at a "spur" type can be obtained by means of using varieties. In Turkey and Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious Delicious'un spur mutants that Starkrimson are grown widely Starkspur Golden Delicious.
Spur-type apple, improvements to their properties due to their maintenance easier. Particularly weak and early fruit development down by growers because of their interest is too. These are at an early age and soon even planting the following year, they bear fruit, organization expenses are covered in less time.
Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova Atatürk made a series of world-known study of some important apple varieties in our country the cultivation of apple varieties have been tested and those who give them the best results have been selected as there is hope. Their production company was established in the breeding and distribution to growers across the country made.
5.1. Spur (Semi-dwarf) Apple Varieties:
Development of semi-dwarf varieties and to educate others varies. These different features can be listed şöylece;
This assortment;
1 - Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious'a volume smaller than (2 / 3 up), more upright and have collectively made a tree.
2 - with his buds at the end of the branches just below the bud makes wood branches, other branches in the form of fruit buds develop. Therefore Spur cultivars are not more branches.
3 - is shorter between the nodes, in another words, the Spur-type apple in the other standard types according to the same length, so more than one branch and leaf nodes are more.
4 - Top of bud development is poorer.
5 - Side branches tend to develop a stronger leader than branches.
6 - Wood is more rigid.
7 - The leaves are greener and thicker texture.
8 - The percentage of fruit is higher. Fruit of the stronger, and eventually connect to dalcık fruit dump less.
9 - Wood in the development of flower buds and flower buds have earlier formation of the amount is greater.
10 - fruit trees lies in earlier years.
11 - The fruit is larger and more uniform.
12 - late ripening time is 8-15 days.
Seeds for rootstocks (çöğür) and MM111 rootstocks, such as a strong addition to the vaccine can be MM106 rootstock clones, such as semi-dwarf varieties never M9 spur vaccine should not be such as to dwarf rootstocks.
On strong rootstock varieties Spur will be given the vaccine when they were most economical tree planting distance per 15-20 m² never more than the field should be set to fall. So the 5x3 m planting distance, 5x4 m or 6x3 m should be.
Semi-dwarf cultivars, such as Spur MM106 rootstock clones when they were vaccinated to provide a range of 2.5x4 m or 3x4 m planting is appropriate.
An important place in the world and our country elmacılık also quickly spread of this spur to the features of apple varieties in short let's see;
STARKRİMSON DELICIOUS
Origin: United States of origin and a bud Starking Delicious'un
mutation was found in 1952.
Synonym: Bisbee Delicious
Wood Characteristics: Tree is in the middle forces, and develop semi-steep-steep, very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, dark red-purple color in plastering, smooth-shaped, very good quality.
Ol harvest up: In mid-September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Stark Spur Golden Delicious, Stark Earlyeast
Opinion: A large number of main and side branch, which is similar to the Christmas pine like a form of training. Planting seeds of a range of land forces, according to the main process used 5x3 m, 6x3 m or 5x4 m may be the most. Fertile soil, strong rootstock, careful diluted fruit, more fertilizer and water, like a strong pruning. Fruits can be stored in cold storage until the month of April. Apples are grown all regions are recommended.
STARKSPUR Golden Delicious
Origin: United States of origin and a bud Golden Delicious'un
mutation was found in 1959.
Synonym: Golden Spur Auvil, Super Golden
Wood Characteristics: Tree of semi-dwarf, upright, slightly open development and is very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, smooth-shaped golden yellow in color, very good quality.
I harvest as: in the second week of September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Starkrimson Delicious, Starking Delicious, Jonathan.
Opinion: A large number of main and side branch, which is similar to the Christmas pine like a form of training. Planting seeds of a range of land forces, according to the main process used 5x3 m, 6x3 m or 5x4 m may be the most. Fertile soil, strong rootstock, careful diluted fruit, more fertilizer and water, like a strong pruning. Fruits can be stored up in March in cold storage. Apples are grown all regions are recommended.
5.2. Other Apple Varieties
Starking DELICIOUS
Origin: United States origin and, Delicious'un as a bud mutation was found in 1915.
Synonym: Double Red Delicious, Extra Red Delicious, Starking.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of strong, semi-steep-steep develops. Each year, the regular and abundant crop.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, dark red color, flowers, and by five overhang, long-shaped, very large, high quality is ..
Harvest my Ol: September 'reputation is collected in the second week.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Jonathan.
Reflections: Fruits can be stored in cold storage until the month of April. Marmara, Black Sea, Aegean, South-East Anatolia and is recommended for the Lakes Region.
Golden Delicious
Origin: United States origin and, in 1890, was found.
Synonym: Azany Delicious, Auri Delicious, Golden Delicious Prevuzhodna Stark, Yellovw Delicious, Zılatna, Zolotoi Prevoshodnoe
Wood Characteristics: Tree is upright-semi-erect and medium-strength development, very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, golden yellow in color, cylindrical-conical-shaped and very large, quality.
Harvest my Ol: September 'reputation is collected in the second week.
Tozlayıcıları: Starking Delicious, Starkrimson Delicious, Jonathan, and Winesap.
Thoughts: All areas are recommended. Caution is made every year and plenty of fruit diluted to yield. Fruits can be stored up in March in cold storage.
Granny Smith
Origin: Australia is
Synonym: Grant Giantan.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of weak-moderate strength, semi-upright-splayed develops, and abundant product gives heryıl.
Fruit Characteristics: large-medium-large fruit, light green, pale yellow on the floor, the quality is very good, hard, very juicy and has a distinctive sour taste ...
Ol harvest up: last week of September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious,
Thoughts: fruits in cold storage in appropriate conditions can be stored for a period of 9 months. Traditional local apple varieties and Iron Apple replace our Hüryemez course is followed. Black Sea and Marmara Region is recommended.
STARK EARLYEAST
Origin: United States of origin, and in 1938 was found.
Synonym: Sıcarlet Pimpernel, Stark's Earlyeast, Stark's Allerfrühester.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of weak-moderate strength, semi-erect to develop even flatter. Efficiency is not high.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit usually small, flat and smooth-shaped, fruit peel thin, the portion on the sun are red. Fruit flesh white, sourish-sweet and is good quality.
I harvest as: the end of June and July beginning is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Delicious, Jonathan and Mc Intosh.
Reflections: Marmara, Aegean and the Mediterranean region is a kind of recommended summer.
BEACON
Origin: United States and origin, 1908 in was found.
Synonym: Early Delicious, Fenton Miller Red.
Wood Characteristics: Tree is developing a strong and very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit and massiveness in the middle, is round and uniform. The shell color is dark red, fine, fruit flesh, firm, juicy, sweet and aromatic, is. Makes good color. Convenient to move, a very good table variety. Fruit is good reason that feature off the beaten track to connect with the color may be delayed until we receive the fruit in the branch.
I harvest as: the end of July is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Granny Smith, Stayman Improved Black 201
Opinion: Apple Grown in a kind of summer is recommended for all Regions.
IMPROVED BLACK STAYMAN 201
Origin: United States origin and, in 1926 was found.
Synonym: Double Red Stayman, Red Stayman 201, Stayman 66, Nured Stayman.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of strong, semi-erect develop. Yield is very good.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit in the middle massiveness, cylindrical-conical-shaped fruit is smooth, thick shell. Pulp greenish, soft, lightweight sourish, juicy, pleasant taste, the quality is very good. Is very beautiful colors. .
Harvest my Ol: August Month is collected at the end.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Jonathan and
Rome Beauty.
Thoughts: Apples are grown in all regions are recommended.
MUTSU
Origin: Golden Delicious x Indo hybrid and Japan orjinlidir. Found in 1930.
Synonym: Crispim
Wood Characteristics: Tree is developing a strong, is semi-erect.
Fruit Characteristics: very resistant to rust, yellow color and Golden Delicious apple is a type. Golden fruit and meat larger than Delicious'dan coarse texture.
Harvest my Ol: September is collected at the beginning of the bear.
Tozlayıcıları: Red Delicious, Starking Delicious, Granny Smith, Beacon.
Reflections: Flowers are sterile powders can fertilize other varieties, therefore, erected with Mutsu apple varieties in the garden with established commercial, does not present pollen sterility 3 There is a need for variety. Especially the Black Sea and Marmara Region Relative humidity is high, instead of the Golden Delicious'un recommended.
JONATHAN
Origin: United States of origin, and in 1872 was found.
Synonym: Djonathan, Jonathan, King Philipp, Rick Philp, Ulster, Ulster Seedling, Pomme Jonathan.
Wood Characteristics: Tree çalımsı forces and develop semi-popular shaped upright. Very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit and massiveness in the middle, green on the ground is washed in red, roundish shape, very good quality.
I harvest as: In the first week of September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Delicious, Mc Intosh, Cox Orange Pippin, Grimes Golden, Reine des Renette.
Thoughts: It is recommended to the Marmara and Aegean region. Power is kept at low temperatures for a long time.
AMASYA of DIAMONDS
Origin: Anatolia is.
Synonym: Cluster, Cluster of Amasya.
Wood Characteristics: Medium strength grows, makes a broad crown. Durable.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit of the massiveness of the middle, abdominal side widely, shell thin, hard, dark side of the sun on the other side explains the red and green background color can be seen in places. Pulp light greenish-white, sweet, juicy, crisp and fragrant olumunda is eating.
Harvest my Ol: September bear is collected in the second week.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Granny Smith, Beacon.
Opinion: A year is a fruit, a year to rest. This case shows the absolute periyodisite. Although the trial in Yalova therefore been addressed in all regions of Turkey is also common and may be held mass comes from farming. But work as a result of selection by the ELTEZ and allegedly did not show periyodisite and also briefly known by the name sealed the widespread use of Amasya has become clones. Fruits of the good stored up can withstand long months in May.
HÜRYEMEZ
Origin: Anatolia is.
Synonym: Yellow Pound, Yellow Comb.
Wood Characteristics: Tree is developing a strong, semi-upright-broad, moderately efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: large fruit, green, yellow on the ground, flattened-circular shaped and good quality.
Harvesting my Ol: September the 3rd Month collected during the week.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Jonathan.
Thoughts: a kind of triploidy and periyodisite shows. Cold storage in appropriate conditions in the February 'can be stored up. Although the trial in terms of Yalova, especially in terms of efficiency does not have much on the widespread cultivation in the Central Anatolia region is scheduled.
6. APPLE GARDEN PLANT
6.1. Planting time
Warm in winter and rainy days in apple seedlings do not fall in the regions (and subsequent defoliation) starting from the tree until the physiological activities (spring) can be planted up. In the winter cold or rainy days in the spring planting should be preferred.
6.2. Preparation of the Planting Garden Location
Here too, the most important aspects of the land suitable for irrigated land in a good way is to do leveling. When installing slope garden areas setleme (terracing) must be made.
Where the high ground water, water holding heavy (clay) soils from planting should be done before the drainage problem.
From planting gardens to be established before the earth once or twice in a deep and post-processing yüzlek is correct.
Instead of dismantling a re elmalık for planting apple, from at least several years must pass between. Because the soil is to consider the events of fatigue test is required.
6.3. Saplings to be planted apple have enough features Searching
When installing apple orchard, certified, correctly and in the name of an old seedlings should be preferred.
Fidan sound, healthy root system, diameter and height must conform to TSE standards. The seedlings should be planted immediately into place.
Planting should be done in the vaccine must point planting pruning at least 10 cm above the soil surface should be strongly from deep planting should be avoided.
6.4. Sewing Shapes
Closing apple orchards are usually square, rectangle, triangle, chess and on the steep slope of the curve in the form of land leveling (contour) is installed. Any of this way in the selection of the shape of the land, whether or not to search for agriculture, the number of saplings to be planted will play a role. Generally flat areas (in the land base) square planting implemented.
6.5. Ranges planting (planting Frequency)
Apple trees in their gardens will be given to the kind of distance, used anaca, soil condition and climate varies.
Apple trees grow well in moist places among the crown, they will remain until at least one meter intervals should be planted so rare, and fungal diseases are among the abundant air handler are doing less damage. However, the irrigated areas to dry air, higher humidity of the soil need to store the trees is often more suitable.
In addition, strong, rich in nutrients in the soil for planting more than distance, the less poor soils.
Rootstocks and varieties which make up a sapling (boss and pen) according to the dual forces of supply changes are also planting intervals.
Apple varieties developed force and spur-type varieties according to the standard high-foot-tall (half-dwarf) varieties are divided into two groups to be.
The Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Granny Smith, Staymared, Amasya, Beacon, Hüryemez, Mutsu, Jonathan, and many other apple varieties, such as high stature within the standard varieties, Starkrimson Delicious and Golden Delicious Starkspur the semi-dwarf varieties are located within.
As is known, used rootstocks, "from very dwarf to very strong" are divided into many groups ranging.
Culture apple (Malus communis Lam.) Farming is done in our country, but the best cultural centers in parallel with its invasion of the wild is located in northern Anatolia. North Anatolian, Black Sea coastal region and between Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia yaylaraı and that the passage area in the South in recent years in the Lakes Region of apple growing areas constitute important.
Apple production in the world, Turkey, China, United States and France is ranked fourth after. In Turkey, in 1988 the total number of apple tree 39 780 000 units and 1 950 000 tonnes, while production; 38,000,000 units in 1998, the number of trees and production of 2 450 000 tons a reached. Also in 1988 the average yield of the trees in 1998 was 62.5 Kg 64.5 Kg 'a rose.
2. REQUESTS the ECOLOGICAL APPLE
2.1. Climate Requests
Apple temperate, cold temperate climate, especially is the fruit. Usually the world is grown in 30 ° -50 ° latitude. 500 meters in the Aegean region in Turkey. Mediterranean and Southeast Anatolia Region than 800 meters in warm and dry place is grown up in places. High light intensity allows the formation of a much better color in apples. Low temperatures have an apple tree is resistant to harsh winter. During the rest of the winter woods -35 ° C to -40 ° C 'a, blooming flowers and small fruits -2.2 ° C and -2.3 ° C -1.1 ° C and -2.2 ° C. Based on while they
Need to rest up to winter apple is a type of fruit. Experiments on the need to meet in the cold apples + 7.2 ° C below the 2322-3648 time depending on the variety must remain. 0 ° C! 1081-2094 hours under the need to cold. Some of the results of cold inadequate flowers die, the rest of the flowers opening much later than normal as well, and is irregular. Thus, fertilization failure caused by late opening flowers and is poured. Apple tree leaves in the cold eyes did not go to will not last and the trees remain bare. Apple also does not like high summer heat. Temperature 40 ° C when growth stops on the exit, higher temperatures on the damage to be added starts.
2.2. Soil Requests
Apple usually gives successful results in many soil types. Sub-soil structure is important to place the garden will be established. Sub-soil, plant roots will never stay in the water and to facilitate the spread of roots should be drained. Retentive soil to develop hard and prevents the bottom of the tree growth and adversely affect the life. With the best sub-soil is gravel-ting. Soil depth is 2 meters or more is requested. The best soil for growing apples as optimal pH 6.0-6.5 and within the normal lime and humus and sufficient moisture with the ting, ting-ting with-sand or sandy soil is permeable with.
3. For APPLE ROOTSTOCKS
3.1. Seeds for rootstocks (generative rootstocks)
These rootstocks seeds are produced. Plants obtained from seeds of wild apples "çöğür", obtained from seeds of cultural variations the "corruption" is called.
Both apples are used as the main process. Both of rootstock varieties grafted them bedtime fruit, tree of life, in terms of their effects on fruit quality is an important difference between them. That is similar to one another corrupt with çöğür. Grow strongly in both rootstocks, these kinds of grafted fruit lie passed, trees are long-lived and will yield abundant.
Rootstocks of apple seeds (Malus sylvestris Mill) in our country's traditional culture as apple rootstocks are used. Obtained from the seeds of wild apples are grown. On this rootstock Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith varieties are growing strongly, such as when they were vaccinated 5.5-6.0 m. long until the trees which form a strong and "standards" are defined as growing trees.
Such trees yield is down to 5-6 years, 12-15 years and 25-30 years after the switch to full efficiency in economic terms, they begin to fall from efficiency. These trees, according to the fertility of the soil to the garden 1 decar 15-25 trees is required. In this tree pruning, medicines, fruit cultural practices such as harvesting diluted job very difficult.
Seeds of wild broodstock (çöğür) on Starkrimson Delicious, Golden Delicious Starkspur such as developing semi-dwarf (spur type) can be immunized in kind. Even the most successful semi-dwarf varieties of apples grown on the seeds are given the time they were vaccinated. In this case, due to variations of up to 35% 30-an effect is obtained bodurlaşma.
Obtained seeds in areas with favorable growing conditions (such as the Aegean region) in the fall is usually a direct addition to the vaccine and follow-up plots in the summer period are developing çöğür vaccine. Conditions are not favorable to the pan where the seeds sown the seeds obtained after one year from the same year in the fall vaccination çöğür surprised to parcel. The subsequent surprise in the summer period are also çöğür vaccine.
Either vaccine in the spring eye çöğür apple shoots in late summer or vaccinated with the vaccine are still observed. Nurseries in our homes (in Fruit Production Station) generally calm T (Kalkan) observed when the vaccine is applied, and applied in the first week of July begins, rootstocks and pen shell continues until you provide.
3.2. Broodstock of clones (for vegetative rootstocks)
In our country in recent years, pruning, drugs for, dilution, used in harvesting and other yard work for high wages, growers are forced to comply with the requirements of modern fruit.
Modern fruit growing, the only variety to be vaccinated (pen), but the standard of qualifications to be in rootstocks is desirable. Obtained through these days vegetative clones of rootstocks in modern fruit growing rootstock-desirable items (types) have ensure that standardization is an example to possibly enter the garden was set up. Produced as much vegetative dwarf apple rootstock clones varies from up to very strong. These are in the UK in 1912 were selected from broodstock collected at the East Malling Research Station. Then in 1928 cotton bit resistant MM (Malling Merton) series, most recently as Long Aston Research Station in partnership with ta ari virus in the PROPERTY series has been developed.
Figure 1 Apple trees on different rootstocks to grow as comparative.
Clones of apple rootstocks "Stool Bed Layering" and called the first time in Turkey in 1986 in Tokat Fruit Production Station Directorate, a branch plant system which is easily replicated.
These forces, according to the development of cloned rootstocks are classified as follows;
Very Bodur M 8, M 9, M 27
Bodur M 26
Semi-dwarf M 7, MM 106
Strong M 2, MM 104, MM 111
Very Strong M 16, M 25, MM 109, local and traditional seeds (Çöğür) broodstock and
This is most commonly used rootstocks in fruit from it may now M 9, MM 106 and MM 111 'dir.
Now let's briefly identify these rootstocks;
M 9: Multi-dwarf rootstocks in the world these days is the best to navigate the main M 9. Grow better in fertile soil. Need support from planting for the lifetime show. Immediately begins to give fruit planting next year and the best conditions, even the size will not exceed 270 cm. 20-grow up to 40% of Çöğür.
M 9 throat to rot (Phytophytora spp), but fire blight-resistant (erwina amylovora) and cotton bite (Eriosoma lanigerum) is sensitive.
M 9 main process "Stool Bed Layering" or the top branches are replicated with.
M 9 rootstock cultivars grafted to the "thin spindle shape" (Slender Spindle) are formed according to the training system and pruning are.
M 9 rootstock varieties grafted to the established gardens with planting intervals to be applied according to soil fertility (1.5 mx 3.5 m) or (2,0 mx 3,5 m) should be.
M 9 on the main process certainly Starkrimson Delicious or Golden Delicious Starkspur such as developing semi-dwarf cultivars should not be vaccinated, Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith emerging as strong (standard) varieties of processed vaccine derived seedlings should be established with the garden.
Economic life of the main process M 9 grafted varieties 15-20 years. 60-70 kg per tree in fertile soil until they bear fruit that this product is the decar from the average of 7 tons. As the number of trees falling Dekar least 80-100 pieces, fertile soils, the trees must be calculated 140-150.
MM 106: in today's world and our country the most preferred rootstock cotton that bite (Eriosoma lanigerum) proof, but to root rot (Phytophytora spp) are sensitive. MM 106 semi-dwarf and the main process (Spur-type) rootstocks and varieties suitable for growing particularly strongly is a rootstock.
MM 106 is the first vaccine on the semi-dwarf varieties of flowers break should not take 3 years to fruit.
Developing seeds of a strong rootstock MM 106 main process (of çöğür)% 50-60 is much improved. Semi-dwarf varieties growing on the trees, the vaccine has been grafted on M 9, almost a kind of strong, such as development remains small. In this regard will be given planting intervals, depending on the types of vaccine will be. Strong growing variety is the vaccine, according to the strength of the soil (5 mx 3m) or (6m x 3m), semi-dwarf varieties developed the vaccine is (2,5 m x 4.0m) or (3 mx 4m) planting intervals should be given.
Developing different types of vaccine is strong peak on the branched (modified leader), semi-dwarf varieties of the vaccine is the shape of pine (one leader and many lateral branch) training system is recommended.
"Stool Bed Layering" and "top branch" In the easy and replicated these rootstocks above 70% with ordinary steel wood roots.
MM 111: Today's most popular and recommended that this rootstock grow strong and upright. Cultivars grafted on MM 111 trees make up half of their strengths and strong growth of the seed rootstock (of çöğür) grow up to 75% to 80. Need Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, and as well as developing strong Starkrimson Delicious, Granny Smith Spur Starkspur and Golden Delicious varieties with good performance are emerging as yarıbodur. Strong growing varieties will be given the vaccine when planting intervals (3.5mx 6.0m), spur the kind of soil is the vaccine according vermliliğine (3.0mx 4.5m) or (3m x 5m) should be.
4. Reproductive Biology of the added APPLE
Founded with a single variety apple orchard on the abundant flowers, although, at fruit that the biggest reason for failure of fertilization is the problem. Apple varieties are generally self-sterile. So, can not be fertilized with its own flower dust. The flowers of a different kind of dust to fertilize necessarily user need. Therefore, a good kind of garden is being established should be a mixture composition. When a mixture of varieties, fertilization of the preferred main types of user types (or types) need to know. Fertilization are shown below the user types table.
4.1. Problems To Be Considered in the fertilization of the Solution Considerations
- Apple garden, the most favorable in terms of pollination for fertilization schedule should be established. The ratio of the main types of user types fertilization should be 10-15%. According to this rate, planting seedlings each side 10-15 fertilize number of user types, 85-90 number should consist of the main varieties. 12-15 meters from the main types of user types fertilize further away should be.
- Select the type should not be a conflict between the terms periyodiste. Periyodiste, the trees bear fruit one year and subsequent years is heard. Chosen as the user types a character that fertilization is the fertilization in the rest of this kind happens. For example, a variety Amasya peryodiste absolute diamond. Red Delicious and Golden Delicious a year too, will bear fruit as a mid-year. Jonathan and Rome Beauty varieties of fruit every year to give the characters are.
- Choose between the variety of flowering date should not be a significant difference. Above that inside the assortment, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious and Jonathan at the same time to blossom hand, Rome Beauty, then from these three kinds of blossoms. For this reason, Rome Beauty varieties suitable for these three types of user can not fertilize.
- 90% in apples that foreign bees make pollination. Necessary for young apple orchard bee hive for the amount of every four or every 30-40 decar decar 15 for 000 - 20 000 bee is. For the past trees to full efficiency to 3-4 times this amount should be removed. Time to study and bee pollination of flowers to ensure the gardens should not be drugs.
Fertilization of apple varieties users 1.Bazı Schedule
Main Varieties
Fertilizing User Types
Main Varieties
Fertilizing User Types
Golden Delicious
Red Delicious
Jonathan
Starkrimson Delicious
Starking Delicious
Winesap
Granny Smith
Golden Delicious
Red Delicious
Starking Delicious
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Black Stayman Improved 201
Golden Delicious
Starking Delicious
Jonathan
Rome Beauty
Starkrimson Delicious
Starkspur Golden Delicious
Golden Delicious
Stark Earlyeast
Amasya
Starking Delicious
Golden Delicious
Granny Smith
Beacon
Starkspur Golden Delicious
Starkrimson Delicious
Starking Delicious
Jonathan
Stark Earlyeast
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Mc. Intosh
Delicious
Jonathan
Golden Delicious
Grimes Golden
Mc. Intosh
Cox Orange Pippin
Reinne des Renette
Mc. Intosh
Cortland
Delicious
Jonathan
Staymared
Golden Delicious
Rome Beauty
Imparature
Delicious
Yellow English (hüryemez)
Starking Delicious
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Mutsu
Red Delicious
Starking Delicious
Granny Smith
Beacon
Red Delicious
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Mc. Intosh
Rome Beauty
Beacon
Granny Smith
Black Stayman Improved 201
Stayman Winesap
Golden Delicious
Jonathan
Starking Delicious
Mc. Intosh
5. APPLE VARIETIES
The number of apple varieties in the world today are over 6 500 and, in Turkey, this number is found 460'ı. These include quality, in terms of efficiency in commercial farming to high and the number is very small.
Apple varieties in the area centuries yetiştircilik natural selection, the chance of spontaneous mutations occur at çöğür and have come. In today's modern apple breeding, breeding through hybridization in terms of quality and efficiency had been achieved kind of very superior.
Fruit used to force the development of rootstocks and varieties as well as a decrease in other words, trees, shrubs intensive (often planting) will be taken step towards fruit. Unit area is more intense in the number of fruit trees were used to obtain a higher yield. Dwarf tree orchard was established in the early years of the product is taken. And the reduced labor costs, cultural practices and maintenance easier and better quality fruit production is possible. Dwarf apple trees are either weak or semi-dwarf rootstocks growing at a "spur" type can be obtained by means of using varieties. In Turkey and Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious Delicious'un spur mutants that Starkrimson are grown widely Starkspur Golden Delicious.
Spur-type apple, improvements to their properties due to their maintenance easier. Particularly weak and early fruit development down by growers because of their interest is too. These are at an early age and soon even planting the following year, they bear fruit, organization expenses are covered in less time.
Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova Atatürk made a series of world-known study of some important apple varieties in our country the cultivation of apple varieties have been tested and those who give them the best results have been selected as there is hope. Their production company was established in the breeding and distribution to growers across the country made.
5.1. Spur (Semi-dwarf) Apple Varieties:
Development of semi-dwarf varieties and to educate others varies. These different features can be listed şöylece;
This assortment;
1 - Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious'a volume smaller than (2 / 3 up), more upright and have collectively made a tree.
2 - with his buds at the end of the branches just below the bud makes wood branches, other branches in the form of fruit buds develop. Therefore Spur cultivars are not more branches.
3 - is shorter between the nodes, in another words, the Spur-type apple in the other standard types according to the same length, so more than one branch and leaf nodes are more.
4 - Top of bud development is poorer.
5 - Side branches tend to develop a stronger leader than branches.
6 - Wood is more rigid.
7 - The leaves are greener and thicker texture.
8 - The percentage of fruit is higher. Fruit of the stronger, and eventually connect to dalcık fruit dump less.
9 - Wood in the development of flower buds and flower buds have earlier formation of the amount is greater.
10 - fruit trees lies in earlier years.
11 - The fruit is larger and more uniform.
12 - late ripening time is 8-15 days.
Seeds for rootstocks (çöğür) and MM111 rootstocks, such as a strong addition to the vaccine can be MM106 rootstock clones, such as semi-dwarf varieties never M9 spur vaccine should not be such as to dwarf rootstocks.
On strong rootstock varieties Spur will be given the vaccine when they were most economical tree planting distance per 15-20 m² never more than the field should be set to fall. So the 5x3 m planting distance, 5x4 m or 6x3 m should be.
Semi-dwarf cultivars, such as Spur MM106 rootstock clones when they were vaccinated to provide a range of 2.5x4 m or 3x4 m planting is appropriate.
An important place in the world and our country elmacılık also quickly spread of this spur to the features of apple varieties in short let's see;
STARKRİMSON DELICIOUS
Origin: United States of origin and a bud Starking Delicious'un
mutation was found in 1952.
Synonym: Bisbee Delicious
Wood Characteristics: Tree is in the middle forces, and develop semi-steep-steep, very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, dark red-purple color in plastering, smooth-shaped, very good quality.
Ol harvest up: In mid-September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Stark Spur Golden Delicious, Stark Earlyeast
Opinion: A large number of main and side branch, which is similar to the Christmas pine like a form of training. Planting seeds of a range of land forces, according to the main process used 5x3 m, 6x3 m or 5x4 m may be the most. Fertile soil, strong rootstock, careful diluted fruit, more fertilizer and water, like a strong pruning. Fruits can be stored in cold storage until the month of April. Apples are grown all regions are recommended.
STARKSPUR Golden Delicious
Origin: United States of origin and a bud Golden Delicious'un
mutation was found in 1959.
Synonym: Golden Spur Auvil, Super Golden
Wood Characteristics: Tree of semi-dwarf, upright, slightly open development and is very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, smooth-shaped golden yellow in color, very good quality.
I harvest as: in the second week of September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Starkrimson Delicious, Starking Delicious, Jonathan.
Opinion: A large number of main and side branch, which is similar to the Christmas pine like a form of training. Planting seeds of a range of land forces, according to the main process used 5x3 m, 6x3 m or 5x4 m may be the most. Fertile soil, strong rootstock, careful diluted fruit, more fertilizer and water, like a strong pruning. Fruits can be stored up in March in cold storage. Apples are grown all regions are recommended.
5.2. Other Apple Varieties
Starking DELICIOUS
Origin: United States origin and, Delicious'un as a bud mutation was found in 1915.
Synonym: Double Red Delicious, Extra Red Delicious, Starking.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of strong, semi-steep-steep develops. Each year, the regular and abundant crop.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, dark red color, flowers, and by five overhang, long-shaped, very large, high quality is ..
Harvest my Ol: September 'reputation is collected in the second week.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Jonathan.
Reflections: Fruits can be stored in cold storage until the month of April. Marmara, Black Sea, Aegean, South-East Anatolia and is recommended for the Lakes Region.
Golden Delicious
Origin: United States origin and, in 1890, was found.
Synonym: Azany Delicious, Auri Delicious, Golden Delicious Prevuzhodna Stark, Yellovw Delicious, Zılatna, Zolotoi Prevoshodnoe
Wood Characteristics: Tree is upright-semi-erect and medium-strength development, very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit large, golden yellow in color, cylindrical-conical-shaped and very large, quality.
Harvest my Ol: September 'reputation is collected in the second week.
Tozlayıcıları: Starking Delicious, Starkrimson Delicious, Jonathan, and Winesap.
Thoughts: All areas are recommended. Caution is made every year and plenty of fruit diluted to yield. Fruits can be stored up in March in cold storage.
Granny Smith
Origin: Australia is
Synonym: Grant Giantan.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of weak-moderate strength, semi-upright-splayed develops, and abundant product gives heryıl.
Fruit Characteristics: large-medium-large fruit, light green, pale yellow on the floor, the quality is very good, hard, very juicy and has a distinctive sour taste ...
Ol harvest up: last week of September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious,
Thoughts: fruits in cold storage in appropriate conditions can be stored for a period of 9 months. Traditional local apple varieties and Iron Apple replace our Hüryemez course is followed. Black Sea and Marmara Region is recommended.
STARK EARLYEAST
Origin: United States of origin, and in 1938 was found.
Synonym: Sıcarlet Pimpernel, Stark's Earlyeast, Stark's Allerfrühester.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of weak-moderate strength, semi-erect to develop even flatter. Efficiency is not high.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit usually small, flat and smooth-shaped, fruit peel thin, the portion on the sun are red. Fruit flesh white, sourish-sweet and is good quality.
I harvest as: the end of June and July beginning is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Delicious, Jonathan and Mc Intosh.
Reflections: Marmara, Aegean and the Mediterranean region is a kind of recommended summer.
BEACON
Origin: United States and origin, 1908 in was found.
Synonym: Early Delicious, Fenton Miller Red.
Wood Characteristics: Tree is developing a strong and very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit and massiveness in the middle, is round and uniform. The shell color is dark red, fine, fruit flesh, firm, juicy, sweet and aromatic, is. Makes good color. Convenient to move, a very good table variety. Fruit is good reason that feature off the beaten track to connect with the color may be delayed until we receive the fruit in the branch.
I harvest as: the end of July is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Granny Smith, Stayman Improved Black 201
Opinion: Apple Grown in a kind of summer is recommended for all Regions.
IMPROVED BLACK STAYMAN 201
Origin: United States origin and, in 1926 was found.
Synonym: Double Red Stayman, Red Stayman 201, Stayman 66, Nured Stayman.
Wood Characteristics: Tree of strong, semi-erect develop. Yield is very good.
Fruit Characteristics: fruit in the middle massiveness, cylindrical-conical-shaped fruit is smooth, thick shell. Pulp greenish, soft, lightweight sourish, juicy, pleasant taste, the quality is very good. Is very beautiful colors. .
Harvest my Ol: August Month is collected at the end.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Jonathan and
Rome Beauty.
Thoughts: Apples are grown in all regions are recommended.
MUTSU
Origin: Golden Delicious x Indo hybrid and Japan orjinlidir. Found in 1930.
Synonym: Crispim
Wood Characteristics: Tree is developing a strong, is semi-erect.
Fruit Characteristics: very resistant to rust, yellow color and Golden Delicious apple is a type. Golden fruit and meat larger than Delicious'dan coarse texture.
Harvest my Ol: September is collected at the beginning of the bear.
Tozlayıcıları: Red Delicious, Starking Delicious, Granny Smith, Beacon.
Reflections: Flowers are sterile powders can fertilize other varieties, therefore, erected with Mutsu apple varieties in the garden with established commercial, does not present pollen sterility 3 There is a need for variety. Especially the Black Sea and Marmara Region Relative humidity is high, instead of the Golden Delicious'un recommended.
JONATHAN
Origin: United States of origin, and in 1872 was found.
Synonym: Djonathan, Jonathan, King Philipp, Rick Philp, Ulster, Ulster Seedling, Pomme Jonathan.
Wood Characteristics: Tree çalımsı forces and develop semi-popular shaped upright. Very efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit and massiveness in the middle, green on the ground is washed in red, roundish shape, very good quality.
I harvest as: In the first week of September is collected.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Delicious, Mc Intosh, Cox Orange Pippin, Grimes Golden, Reine des Renette.
Thoughts: It is recommended to the Marmara and Aegean region. Power is kept at low temperatures for a long time.
AMASYA of DIAMONDS
Origin: Anatolia is.
Synonym: Cluster, Cluster of Amasya.
Wood Characteristics: Medium strength grows, makes a broad crown. Durable.
Fruit Characteristics: Fruit of the massiveness of the middle, abdominal side widely, shell thin, hard, dark side of the sun on the other side explains the red and green background color can be seen in places. Pulp light greenish-white, sweet, juicy, crisp and fragrant olumunda is eating.
Harvest my Ol: September bear is collected in the second week.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Granny Smith, Beacon.
Opinion: A year is a fruit, a year to rest. This case shows the absolute periyodisite. Although the trial in Yalova therefore been addressed in all regions of Turkey is also common and may be held mass comes from farming. But work as a result of selection by the ELTEZ and allegedly did not show periyodisite and also briefly known by the name sealed the widespread use of Amasya has become clones. Fruits of the good stored up can withstand long months in May.
HÜRYEMEZ
Origin: Anatolia is.
Synonym: Yellow Pound, Yellow Comb.
Wood Characteristics: Tree is developing a strong, semi-upright-broad, moderately efficient.
Fruit Characteristics: large fruit, green, yellow on the ground, flattened-circular shaped and good quality.
Harvesting my Ol: September the 3rd Month collected during the week.
Tozlayıcıları: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Jonathan.
Thoughts: a kind of triploidy and periyodisite shows. Cold storage in appropriate conditions in the February 'can be stored up. Although the trial in terms of Yalova, especially in terms of efficiency does not have much on the widespread cultivation in the Central Anatolia region is scheduled.
6. APPLE GARDEN PLANT
6.1. Planting time
Warm in winter and rainy days in apple seedlings do not fall in the regions (and subsequent defoliation) starting from the tree until the physiological activities (spring) can be planted up. In the winter cold or rainy days in the spring planting should be preferred.
6.2. Preparation of the Planting Garden Location
Here too, the most important aspects of the land suitable for irrigated land in a good way is to do leveling. When installing slope garden areas setleme (terracing) must be made.
Where the high ground water, water holding heavy (clay) soils from planting should be done before the drainage problem.
From planting gardens to be established before the earth once or twice in a deep and post-processing yüzlek is correct.
Instead of dismantling a re elmalık for planting apple, from at least several years must pass between. Because the soil is to consider the events of fatigue test is required.
6.3. Saplings to be planted apple have enough features Searching
When installing apple orchard, certified, correctly and in the name of an old seedlings should be preferred.
Fidan sound, healthy root system, diameter and height must conform to TSE standards. The seedlings should be planted immediately into place.
Planting should be done in the vaccine must point planting pruning at least 10 cm above the soil surface should be strongly from deep planting should be avoided.
6.4. Sewing Shapes
Closing apple orchards are usually square, rectangle, triangle, chess and on the steep slope of the curve in the form of land leveling (contour) is installed. Any of this way in the selection of the shape of the land, whether or not to search for agriculture, the number of saplings to be planted will play a role. Generally flat areas (in the land base) square planting implemented.
6.5. Ranges planting (planting Frequency)
Apple trees in their gardens will be given to the kind of distance, used anaca, soil condition and climate varies.
Apple trees grow well in moist places among the crown, they will remain until at least one meter intervals should be planted so rare, and fungal diseases are among the abundant air handler are doing less damage. However, the irrigated areas to dry air, higher humidity of the soil need to store the trees is often more suitable.
In addition, strong, rich in nutrients in the soil for planting more than distance, the less poor soils.
Rootstocks and varieties which make up a sapling (boss and pen) according to the dual forces of supply changes are also planting intervals.
Apple varieties developed force and spur-type varieties according to the standard high-foot-tall (half-dwarf) varieties are divided into two groups to be.
The Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, Granny Smith, Staymared, Amasya, Beacon, Hüryemez, Mutsu, Jonathan, and many other apple varieties, such as high stature within the standard varieties, Starkrimson Delicious and Golden Delicious Starkspur the semi-dwarf varieties are located within.
As is known, used rootstocks, "from very dwarf to very strong" are divided into many groups ranging.
