In a study conducted by FAO in the world of agriculture, the soil was determined to be about 30% of zinc deficiency. Our country is less rainfall especially in the field area, soil pH and high CaCO3 content 'clay structure and low organic matter content due to the widely observed zinc (Zn) deficiency in the world among the countries has a special position.
A study conducted in Turkey, 50% of agricultural land (14 million ha) indicate that Zn deficiency is found. This is a large portion of the area mentioned above have the characteristics of soil and rainfall represents the Central Anatolian region. Indeed, a study made in this area, soil samples% of the critical level of zinc 92'sinde yarayışlı adopted as 0.5 mg kg-1 KM 's was found under. Wheat leaf samples collected from the same study, 80% of the region in the plant should be a healthy 15-20 mg kg-1 km below (due at 10 mg) zinc content because they have been identified.
Of the plants they need they can be fed a healthy amount of Zn is very low. A 20 mg Zn kg dry matter yield of plants that it is not any decrease in this ratio falling below 10 mg if the yield of abnormal decrease has been found.
Zinc deficiency observed in our soil, our reduction in crop production by human and animal health from the negative effects of food quality to be a series of problems, is caused by us. In our country, especially in Central Anatolia region observed with zinc deficiency to the study in the early 1990s, Eskişehir Anadolu Agricultural Research Institute (ATAE) and Konya Bahri Dağdaş International Winter Cereals Research Merkezin'de (BD. MİKHAM) launched small-scale projects were started. Cukurova University Faculty of Agriculture in the following year, and BD. Conducted jointly by MİKHAM and ATAE and NATO Science for Stability (SFS) project supported by the different locations and established experiments were conducted. According to the results of this research was carried out, the effect on the efficiency of the Zn deficiency of sufficient moisture in the soil and some soil properties according to the above mentioned over the years vary. For example, in 1993-1994 was carried out in central Konya trial average yield increase of around 69% in 1994-1995 while the average increase was 200% increase, 1995-1996 In October the average was 17%, in 1996-1997, this ratio was 58% . Central Anatolia region of 4.5 million ha in the area of grain production only in 25% yield increase of 25% as we considered in the calculation to be done, even to get an approximate $ 150 million in extra revenue to the country's economy will be considered if the contribution the subject's importance has increased even more.
Of plants grown in different soil groups with zinc reactions are different. Indeed, for this purpose located in Konya closed basin, red, red-brown soil allüviyal and hidromorfik allüviyal groups that we conducted a two-year experiment as a result of zinc in soil hidromorfik allüviyal application efficiency increase between 130-550%, while this increase in allüviyal soil 80-120%, red and red increased 30-50% between the brown soils. A remarkable group of other subjects to enter the same territory but with the influence of soil properties, as well as environmental factors taken into zinc in the reaction is different. Cause high figures given Yujarıda mistake must not be speculative. All kinds of soil, environment and achieve higher results this year should not be understood as such, 550% increase in efficiency decare received 200 kg yield yield 1 ton of land should not be taken anlamınada. These expressions, such as zinc deficiency due to the relatively low yield 30-100 kg, so its production can not be retrieved or land application of zinc in the dry 150-200 kg, while in the water means it can be 400-500 kg yield. 40 units of bread wheat and durum wheat and 10 barley lines and different types using 8 replications and 3 years as a repetitive experiment was carried out as a result of zinc deficiency in the most durable type of cereal rye as it sort according to reliability triticale, barley, bread wheat, oats and durum wheat, followed by the has been found. In other words, the most sensitive durum wheat grain is a type of zinc deficiency. In addition to these differences between species within the same species in the different types of zinc were determined to be different for the answers. Although this difference the kind of fundamental principles and within the same species, some varieties are not available in the soil as useful in making zinc to convert the land (rizosfere) some organic compounds (fitosideroforlar) of secreted, stronger root system to have a physiological event and available in a more efficient Zn'yi as they can form factors. This type of work is still continuing.
Zn deficiency in common areas to determine the most appropriate method for the application of zinc from the soil, leaves and seeds from the applications made to the events examined. Three-year experiment as a result of: the soil is made from the application and successful for many years the ongoing effects of balance due to the economic application as a stand-alone leaves the application desired increase in efficiency could not be right if the land application, in addition to the leaf application and yield hemde grain zinc concentrations significantly raises determined was. Stand-alone application, the increase in efficiency in terms of seeds at a desired level, while not successful, it leaves the application in addition to the application of the combination significantly increased yield. Three years as a result of the trial needed-79, Bezostaya-1 and Dağdaş-94 in the different types of applications bring the average yield increases soil application and 59%, seed application is 50%, leaves 37% application, soil application + leaves 64%, seed + leaves the application was 61%.
Decare soil applications of 23% Zn in the 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2O atomiser being melted into the soil surface after the application process by returning land to the appropriate tools (rotatiller, rotavatör etc.) at a depth of 10-15 cm soil, were mixed in before planting. Most appropriate time to apply the leaves of grain is the period of fraternal forward. 0.4% concentration will be prepared to implement a stand-alone ZnSO4.7H2O be done in this period, such as drug also can be mixed weeds. Zinc concentrations unless the mistakes made with the leaves of weeds drug applications so far found any adverse effects it is not. Application will be made at intervals of 10-15 days more effective results have been taken two leaves. Seed applications applied to the seeds before planting was 30% ZnSO4.7H2O.
Zinc concentration be used with a high consumption of grain nutritional zinc deficiency can be fixed by the next, if used as seed in the next year they cause a significant increase in the yield have been identified. Indeed, this effect in order to determine two-year run that we used in the experiment Atay-85 to the fraternal variety from different periods of development during the different number of applications leaves a result of the low (8 mg kg-1) and high (mean 30 mg kg-1) Zn'li as a result of additional seeds in the seed yield high concentrations bring the average increase was 25%. Obtained from these results that increase the grain leaves the best concentration suggests the importance of practice.
Decare 0, 3, 6, 9 kg ZnSO4.7H2O as applied to the soil the effects of different doses of zinc was investigated in the experiment. Zinc enforced control all of the plots according to the dose level of efficiency have increased, but significant differences between doses has not been found. These results apply to us in 3 kg decar ZnSO4.7H20 's seems to be enough. For this reason, the manufacturer or a 3-kg-1 zinc ZnSO4.7H2O dose is recommended. Beyond that between 0-3 kg to determine the most appropriate dose studies are needed.
NATO in the framework of the project obtained the interesting results after the implementation of land that does not require any additional costs and more easily to the base of zinc fertilizer to be added to the agenda had come and some fertilizer producer organizations were interested in this subject. About 2 years ago started to be produced from 1% zinc doped using this fertilizer manufacturer in the field and the results of the investigation into the issue agenda of countries and organizations to please the person is carrying. Some sources of zinc in the soil applied to the balance between 3-8 years, the continuing effects are noted. After 1993 we started to experiment concerned the effects of harvest were investigated. First year yield increase of impact influence the balance 70%, while in the second year, this increase was 35%, have continued to fall to 17% in the third year.
On the market, leaf fertilizer sold as different manufacturers belonging to the preparations in question, this micro-element problem to the solution of the activities identified in order to carried out the experiment as a result, in the Zn are not part of preparations to yield effect is not, Zn ones that alone we have applied the ZnSO4 but you could have been found. Bor Bor problem with content, especially those in areas more toksiditeyi increase was observed. Yield active ZnSO4, economic olmasıylada reason should be preferred. Besides the effect on yield in a very different micro-and macro-nutrients to keep the quality of these preparations, whether positive or negative effects also are examined. According to preliminary data, the N and Zn in the adequate and appropriate forms have positive effects on the quality of the preparations have been observed.
All of these activities by zinc deficiency, and this mechanism of tolerance to genetic resources and identification of genotypes with tolerance, genotypes, and it purchases grain Zn transport mechanisms and inheritance of tolerance in the study are ongoing issues. Human health is pretty much yönündende Zn'nin importance. Approximately 40% of the world population Fe, Zn, and iodine deficiency are noted. In humans, development and sexual maturity in the retardation, mental deficiency in the development, decreased sense of taste and loss of hair and skin and immune system diseases, such as the weakening of some negativity, Zn nutritional deficiency of the direct or indirect effects that have been identified. Zinc nutrition in terms of risk groups, defined as children, pregnant women and the elderly should be monitored carefully by specialists are indicated.
Food consumption in the world rice, corn and wheat, while 54% of the share of developing countries, this rate reaches 90%. Grain-fed countries weighted human nutrition play a role in common inadequate Zn is one of the important factors in their food very high phytic acid / Zn is the rate. The accumulation of phosphorus in seed phytic acid, Zn'ye rate on 25-30 has significantly reduced the Zn yarayışlı. Zinc deficiency in wheat is grown in the Central Anatolia region of phytic acid / Zn ratio is as high as 120. Therefore, as our country, without bread in the grain and meal-fed belly weighted avid undernourished people has access to even more serious. As a result, elimination of deficiencies in our soil and crop production will increase and our people will ensure a balanced diet as an important application stands out against us. Increase the use of zinc with citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid and organic acids, such as Methionin, cysteine, lysine amino acids, such as very small grains which are substances in food origin.
Enzyme superoxide dismutase as a superoxide radical and negative effects of fragmentation H2O2'yi eliminates enzyme. In addition, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, such as is seen in the same task. Activities of these enzymes in zinc are needed. Synthesis of toxic radicals are particularly high light intensity is high DAHADA. It is more sensitive to light sonucundada plants and dead tissue is increasing.
As a result, deficiencies in the soil as the criteria adopted 0.5 mg kg-1'dan less, especially between 0.1-0.2 mg kg-1 can be taken by the plant as the soil Zn Zn application will be made to yield would provide a significant increase can say. This application will result in the short term by developing tolerant genotypes should be long-term goals. Today in the solution of this problem for such denial as much as possible, although not taken away all of these studies is sufficient to say that it is difficult anyway. Plant production as a limiting factor in our face the need to be done for this problem can be resolved completely is that many other research. And producers of research results will be made to reach the necessary publications and handles made of practical work, research and related industry sector, in cooperation with manufacturers to have greater importance.
A study conducted in Turkey, 50% of agricultural land (14 million ha) indicate that Zn deficiency is found. This is a large portion of the area mentioned above have the characteristics of soil and rainfall represents the Central Anatolian region. Indeed, a study made in this area, soil samples% of the critical level of zinc 92'sinde yarayışlı adopted as 0.5 mg kg-1 KM 's was found under. Wheat leaf samples collected from the same study, 80% of the region in the plant should be a healthy 15-20 mg kg-1 km below (due at 10 mg) zinc content because they have been identified.
Of the plants they need they can be fed a healthy amount of Zn is very low. A 20 mg Zn kg dry matter yield of plants that it is not any decrease in this ratio falling below 10 mg if the yield of abnormal decrease has been found.
Zinc deficiency observed in our soil, our reduction in crop production by human and animal health from the negative effects of food quality to be a series of problems, is caused by us. In our country, especially in Central Anatolia region observed with zinc deficiency to the study in the early 1990s, Eskişehir Anadolu Agricultural Research Institute (ATAE) and Konya Bahri Dağdaş International Winter Cereals Research Merkezin'de (BD. MİKHAM) launched small-scale projects were started. Cukurova University Faculty of Agriculture in the following year, and BD. Conducted jointly by MİKHAM and ATAE and NATO Science for Stability (SFS) project supported by the different locations and established experiments were conducted. According to the results of this research was carried out, the effect on the efficiency of the Zn deficiency of sufficient moisture in the soil and some soil properties according to the above mentioned over the years vary. For example, in 1993-1994 was carried out in central Konya trial average yield increase of around 69% in 1994-1995 while the average increase was 200% increase, 1995-1996 In October the average was 17%, in 1996-1997, this ratio was 58% . Central Anatolia region of 4.5 million ha in the area of grain production only in 25% yield increase of 25% as we considered in the calculation to be done, even to get an approximate $ 150 million in extra revenue to the country's economy will be considered if the contribution the subject's importance has increased even more.
Of plants grown in different soil groups with zinc reactions are different. Indeed, for this purpose located in Konya closed basin, red, red-brown soil allüviyal and hidromorfik allüviyal groups that we conducted a two-year experiment as a result of zinc in soil hidromorfik allüviyal application efficiency increase between 130-550%, while this increase in allüviyal soil 80-120%, red and red increased 30-50% between the brown soils. A remarkable group of other subjects to enter the same territory but with the influence of soil properties, as well as environmental factors taken into zinc in the reaction is different. Cause high figures given Yujarıda mistake must not be speculative. All kinds of soil, environment and achieve higher results this year should not be understood as such, 550% increase in efficiency decare received 200 kg yield yield 1 ton of land should not be taken anlamınada. These expressions, such as zinc deficiency due to the relatively low yield 30-100 kg, so its production can not be retrieved or land application of zinc in the dry 150-200 kg, while in the water means it can be 400-500 kg yield. 40 units of bread wheat and durum wheat and 10 barley lines and different types using 8 replications and 3 years as a repetitive experiment was carried out as a result of zinc deficiency in the most durable type of cereal rye as it sort according to reliability triticale, barley, bread wheat, oats and durum wheat, followed by the has been found. In other words, the most sensitive durum wheat grain is a type of zinc deficiency. In addition to these differences between species within the same species in the different types of zinc were determined to be different for the answers. Although this difference the kind of fundamental principles and within the same species, some varieties are not available in the soil as useful in making zinc to convert the land (rizosfere) some organic compounds (fitosideroforlar) of secreted, stronger root system to have a physiological event and available in a more efficient Zn'yi as they can form factors. This type of work is still continuing.
Zn deficiency in common areas to determine the most appropriate method for the application of zinc from the soil, leaves and seeds from the applications made to the events examined. Three-year experiment as a result of: the soil is made from the application and successful for many years the ongoing effects of balance due to the economic application as a stand-alone leaves the application desired increase in efficiency could not be right if the land application, in addition to the leaf application and yield hemde grain zinc concentrations significantly raises determined was. Stand-alone application, the increase in efficiency in terms of seeds at a desired level, while not successful, it leaves the application in addition to the application of the combination significantly increased yield. Three years as a result of the trial needed-79, Bezostaya-1 and Dağdaş-94 in the different types of applications bring the average yield increases soil application and 59%, seed application is 50%, leaves 37% application, soil application + leaves 64%, seed + leaves the application was 61%.
Decare soil applications of 23% Zn in the 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2O atomiser being melted into the soil surface after the application process by returning land to the appropriate tools (rotatiller, rotavatör etc.) at a depth of 10-15 cm soil, were mixed in before planting. Most appropriate time to apply the leaves of grain is the period of fraternal forward. 0.4% concentration will be prepared to implement a stand-alone ZnSO4.7H2O be done in this period, such as drug also can be mixed weeds. Zinc concentrations unless the mistakes made with the leaves of weeds drug applications so far found any adverse effects it is not. Application will be made at intervals of 10-15 days more effective results have been taken two leaves. Seed applications applied to the seeds before planting was 30% ZnSO4.7H2O.
Zinc concentration be used with a high consumption of grain nutritional zinc deficiency can be fixed by the next, if used as seed in the next year they cause a significant increase in the yield have been identified. Indeed, this effect in order to determine two-year run that we used in the experiment Atay-85 to the fraternal variety from different periods of development during the different number of applications leaves a result of the low (8 mg kg-1) and high (mean 30 mg kg-1) Zn'li as a result of additional seeds in the seed yield high concentrations bring the average increase was 25%. Obtained from these results that increase the grain leaves the best concentration suggests the importance of practice.
Decare 0, 3, 6, 9 kg ZnSO4.7H2O as applied to the soil the effects of different doses of zinc was investigated in the experiment. Zinc enforced control all of the plots according to the dose level of efficiency have increased, but significant differences between doses has not been found. These results apply to us in 3 kg decar ZnSO4.7H20 's seems to be enough. For this reason, the manufacturer or a 3-kg-1 zinc ZnSO4.7H2O dose is recommended. Beyond that between 0-3 kg to determine the most appropriate dose studies are needed.
NATO in the framework of the project obtained the interesting results after the implementation of land that does not require any additional costs and more easily to the base of zinc fertilizer to be added to the agenda had come and some fertilizer producer organizations were interested in this subject. About 2 years ago started to be produced from 1% zinc doped using this fertilizer manufacturer in the field and the results of the investigation into the issue agenda of countries and organizations to please the person is carrying. Some sources of zinc in the soil applied to the balance between 3-8 years, the continuing effects are noted. After 1993 we started to experiment concerned the effects of harvest were investigated. First year yield increase of impact influence the balance 70%, while in the second year, this increase was 35%, have continued to fall to 17% in the third year.
On the market, leaf fertilizer sold as different manufacturers belonging to the preparations in question, this micro-element problem to the solution of the activities identified in order to carried out the experiment as a result, in the Zn are not part of preparations to yield effect is not, Zn ones that alone we have applied the ZnSO4 but you could have been found. Bor Bor problem with content, especially those in areas more toksiditeyi increase was observed. Yield active ZnSO4, economic olmasıylada reason should be preferred. Besides the effect on yield in a very different micro-and macro-nutrients to keep the quality of these preparations, whether positive or negative effects also are examined. According to preliminary data, the N and Zn in the adequate and appropriate forms have positive effects on the quality of the preparations have been observed.
All of these activities by zinc deficiency, and this mechanism of tolerance to genetic resources and identification of genotypes with tolerance, genotypes, and it purchases grain Zn transport mechanisms and inheritance of tolerance in the study are ongoing issues. Human health is pretty much yönündende Zn'nin importance. Approximately 40% of the world population Fe, Zn, and iodine deficiency are noted. In humans, development and sexual maturity in the retardation, mental deficiency in the development, decreased sense of taste and loss of hair and skin and immune system diseases, such as the weakening of some negativity, Zn nutritional deficiency of the direct or indirect effects that have been identified. Zinc nutrition in terms of risk groups, defined as children, pregnant women and the elderly should be monitored carefully by specialists are indicated.
Food consumption in the world rice, corn and wheat, while 54% of the share of developing countries, this rate reaches 90%. Grain-fed countries weighted human nutrition play a role in common inadequate Zn is one of the important factors in their food very high phytic acid / Zn is the rate. The accumulation of phosphorus in seed phytic acid, Zn'ye rate on 25-30 has significantly reduced the Zn yarayışlı. Zinc deficiency in wheat is grown in the Central Anatolia region of phytic acid / Zn ratio is as high as 120. Therefore, as our country, without bread in the grain and meal-fed belly weighted avid undernourished people has access to even more serious. As a result, elimination of deficiencies in our soil and crop production will increase and our people will ensure a balanced diet as an important application stands out against us. Increase the use of zinc with citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid and organic acids, such as Methionin, cysteine, lysine amino acids, such as very small grains which are substances in food origin.
Enzyme superoxide dismutase as a superoxide radical and negative effects of fragmentation H2O2'yi eliminates enzyme. In addition, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, such as is seen in the same task. Activities of these enzymes in zinc are needed. Synthesis of toxic radicals are particularly high light intensity is high DAHADA. It is more sensitive to light sonucundada plants and dead tissue is increasing.
As a result, deficiencies in the soil as the criteria adopted 0.5 mg kg-1'dan less, especially between 0.1-0.2 mg kg-1 can be taken by the plant as the soil Zn Zn application will be made to yield would provide a significant increase can say. This application will result in the short term by developing tolerant genotypes should be long-term goals. Today in the solution of this problem for such denial as much as possible, although not taken away all of these studies is sufficient to say that it is difficult anyway. Plant production as a limiting factor in our face the need to be done for this problem can be resolved completely is that many other research. And producers of research results will be made to reach the necessary publications and handles made of practical work, research and related industry sector, in cooperation with manufacturers to have greater importance.
