BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DAIRY CATTLE nutrition of
Total milk production costs in feed costs by 45% the amount in-60 ratio. Therefore, dairy feed costs, ignoring the nutrition levels maximize profitability in the dairy importance. Optimal feeding conditions in animals and give better quality and more milk. Furthermore, health status and drug treatment, such as healing and reproductive conditions that require veterinary costs are also saved.
Well a lot of milk in animals manejmanı essential. Dairy animals to feed and a good combination of very sophisticated and scientific background and nutrients manejman requires the ability of the animal and according to the needs of rumen microorganisms is an event that aims to compensate.
Rumen PHYSIOLOGY
Distinctive features of other animals consists of Ruminants have four stomachs are divided: Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. These reticulum and rumen because they are contiguous are usually along an. Ruminal microorganisms in these two divisions have gained prevalence.
Referred to as the blind pouch of the stomach reticulum is the first division. Metal, etc. If animals. honeycomb appearance can not be digested if swallowed objects in the stomach wall as a sieve, and their digestive system deal with them further to prevent province. Forage in parts from Retikuluma then vomiting are the re breach. Reticulum undigested feed and digesta may contain up to 2.5 gallons.
Hole is large and the organ muskular rumen. Volume of rumen development, structure and manifests itself as an increase in microbial activity and diet of the calf dry or liquid feed silo begins with an oath to return. The left side of the rumen normally almost completely fill the abdominal cavity is a volume.
40 to 60 gallon barrels of rumen fermentation can be treated as one. According to one estimate 150 billion a teaspoon of rumen microorganisms in rumen fluid exists. These microorganisms protozoa, bacteria and fungi are composed of. Microorganisms temperature, moisture and oxygen-free environment for you. These environmental conditions are also naturally in the rumen. 100-108 Fahrenheit temperature, pH-balanced as if the animal is being fed is around 5.8 -6.4, and these values will facilitate the development of many types of restrictions bacteria.
Omasumdan sometimes manyplies (multiple layers) are mentioned in the form. Since this organ is composed of a mucous layer in the structure. Part is reduced and water Omasumda digestanın passes digestadan ago abomasuma. That may contain a volume of 4 gallon Omasum has digesta.
The fourth compartment of the stomach is described as the true stomach and the digestive enzymatic reactions with digestanın the abomasumdur. This is true of enzymes secreted by the secretion of gastric wall and to be effective is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract. Functions like a pig stomach in animals with one stomach with a large extent is the same. Material may contain 5 gallon volume. Feed compared to the period of stay here when the rumen is very low. Finding stimulates secretion of HCI Abomasumda feed. HCI also translates into pepsin pepsinojeni so proteins or amino acids such as peptide chains are broken down into smaller pieces. PH values as low as 2-4 that is in Abomasumda acid production has greatly.
Digesta in liquid form barsaklara goes here. Here is a small resolution and with the fluidity of liquid particles is almost the same fluidity. PH increases the slow passing Digesta intestines. This is very important for enzymatic activity because of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal mucosa, usually swinging from the neutral and basic environments is effective for.
Synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, bile salts also are effective for ensuring that the pH value. In addition, the functions such as the emulsifier increase the influence of lipase are. Both bile salts and pancreatic lipase enzymes by making the stomach acids neutralize starch, protein and lipids to be hydrolyzed provide. Intestine for absorption yapıtaşlarının is the main environment.
Roughage and all easily be exploited advanced ruminantlarda carbohydrate sources, as well as starch undergoes fermentation in the rumen. However, excess supply of feed grain in the escape from ruminal fermentation by 50% reduces the starch and a lower digestion is concerned. In this context, small intestine glucose can be absorbed.
Thin reaching proteins barsağa income from sources ruminantlarda 3.
* Rumen microorganisms by the proteins that are not treated
* Made up of bacteria and protozoal cells and protein from rumen
* Endogenous protein called mucosa and rumen or intestinal cells and enzymes composed of tear protein
Pancreatic and intestinal proteases and thus allocate them to the small intestine absorption of amino acids is provided.
The main fatty acids in intestinal cells and the lipids are phospholipids converted. Triglycerides and microbial origin of escape from ruminal degradation of fatty acids as a result of treatment with pancreatic lipase to form free fatty acids. In these, intestinal mucosal cells are absorbed.
Up to this point can not be absorbed water, minerals, nitrogen and volatile fatty acid absorption in the intestine is thick. Electrolyte balance in the colon also, some microbial fermentation and feces in cases of temporary storage in such events has homeostatic functions.
And salivation of RUMİNASYON
Ruminant animal feed and then consume immediately capable of chewing animals. This process 'ruminasyon' is known as. Steps in the mouth again come to an oath, to be re-chewing, salivation and swallowing is simply a re-digestasının rumen. Process by reducing the particle size of feed Ruminasyon microbial function improves. Also easier to feed the stomachs of the cross section are provided.
Material from the mouth again 'bolus' or 'cud' is called and the material breach and tükrükten consists tükrükle covered. Digestive system is the largest salivary secretion and the amount directly from the animal feed to be separated and when ruminasyona is optional. A ruminant to ruminant Ergin 6-8 hours a day and more in a 47.5 gallon can salivation.
Salivary especially sodium, phosphorus, bicarbonate ions are rich and digestive system is also acting as a buffer substance. Neutralize acids formed during fermentation salivary bacteria and microbial growth is necessary for pH helps to protect the environment.
Saliva production kept under control by diet of ruminant animals can be improved. In animals with more chewing also increases the amount of saliva secreted. The time spent with the animal's chewing the natural structure of feeding and feed manejmanından be affected. Of forage particle size, number of daily feeding, feed consumption, etc. shape. directly affects the production of saliva. Cause much to chew for a long straw. And salivary secretion will increase Ruminasyonu. Are rich in cell wall and NDF in feed ruminasyon time increases.
High moisture content of grass silage, or pasture forage can reduce salivary secretion. Dane feed or reduce by 20% pellets in secretion. Saliva production can be reduced if the animals will not consume enough fiber foods.
Rumen of the FUNCTION
And proliferation in the mixed rumen digestanın is provided. Rumen movement of coarse particles, re-chewed food to come to the state,, is effective in volume reduction and microbial digestion. Slaked herbs, food particles, and so intense. tend to gather at the bottom. Ruminal fermentation and microbial particles as a result of actions by volume tends to decrease when they have the left the rumen. The lower part of the digestive system of micro-organisms act.
Structure and content of the rumen is affected by diet characteristics. Dairy animals and different particle size which is quite different feed raw materials consumed in the diet ever since they started to have a structure rumen contents was not uniform. Roughage, large, low density and floating layers including the rumen, while typically concentrated feed to the bottom of the rumen are collapsing. More floating sections are composed of coarse fodder. If the grass is less well fragmented and NDF rumen contents also less in the face of the part.
And that of the rumen fermentation vats contain certain bacteria causes the formation of gas here. These gases are present in the rumen and the upper part of the general form of carbon dioxide and methane. The rate of gas depends on rumen ecology and fermentation balance. In general, carbon dioxide, although some also converted to methane gas 2 / 3 'reputation creates. Approximately 132-264 gallons of gas each day belch through fermentation is discarded.
Called mucosal side of rumen papillae and the formation stage is covered with absorbsiyona. Their distribution, number and volume, intensive forage for food, feeding habits, feed efficiency and digestibility are closely related.
If a change in the animal's ration occurs, for example, forage / fodder for intense change, or dry rations with the animal's ration of lactating animals is changed, this change in this situation to change my papillalarının rumen to keep up to allow to be done in stages. Typically a 2-3 week period of adaptation is required to.
Development of some acids papillalarının rumen fermentation of feed production depends on the result. Propionic acid in feed intake and increase in intensive bütürik depending on increasing blood flow toward the ruminal epithelium supports the formation of epithelial cells. Diet and fermentation products of Papillalar acid or, depending on the volume of production and grow in number or volume shrinks.
Rumen MICROBIOLOGY
Of nutrients in the diet of dairy cattle feed balancing microbial growth and development of the rumen environment to be set up to provide opportunities. Requirements are taken into consideration as well as the animal's requirements of rumen micro-organisms must be understood.
Rumen microbial populations, bacteria, protozoa and funguslardan occurs. 1 g rumen fluid in general the average is around 1010 or 1011 which creates bacteria.
Bacteria also among themselves and the main functions can be classified according to different structural features. In addition, they affect the bacteria are classified according substratlara and usually under 8 groups are reviewed. This species cellulose, hemiselüloz, sugars, fats, medium-length fatty acids and proteins, components and produce methane. Classification and ammonia producers who benefit from expanded pectin extract, including the ability to influence edilebilir.Bakterilerin are often more than one substrate.
Methane-producing bacteria in rumen fermentation events all have an effect separate importance. Methane production also remains low concentration of hydrogen in the rumen is important. Be more effective in the fermentation of this importance. Methane-producing bacteria that cause a decrease in the quantity of hydrogen hydrogen-producing bacteria on behalf of the state to balance more difficult to manufacture, which will result in the bacteria to increase in number and as a result will use the Ruminants increased microbial protein causes.
Or 1 g of rumen protozoa in the rumen fluid is around approximately 105-106 from these feeding regimes are affected by. In general, the ability to feed in the case of high digestible protozoa rate increases. Some protozoa groups highly soluble sugar diets containing high starch content, while increases in some of the increases.
Protozoa as a source of protein that can be used. They are also effective in stabilizing the fermentation end products. Protozoa, bacteria and fungi will also support such as cellulose digestion.
What end of the rumen microorganisms, fungi Aneorobik uncovered is a group. In general, this live feed with hay rations weighted total rumen microbial population may be up 8%. Although still fully illuminated failed importance of the activity of these animals is known. And cellulose are known to Ksilanları parts.
Rumen microorganisms in the rumen to form 3 units are localized. The first is the liquid phase. Rumen fluid microbial groups, soluble carbohydrates and proteins are located on. Second phase of the microorganisms in the solid phase polysaccharides, cellulose and soluble protein sources so difficult. are targeted nutrients. This microbial population may be at a rate of up to 70%. At a rate of approximately 5% in the last phase is concerned, and usually attached to the rumen epithelial cells expresses the situation.
Rumen environment significantly there is an infection. The amount of rumen bacteria to protect their reproductive time must be shorter than the rumen digestasındaki conversions. In addition to dairy cattle feed as well as the number and rate of rumen microorganisms in affect.
Keeping in mind all of the microbial food ruminantlarda is required when making changes. Major changes in the ration of rumen microorganisms can also adapt to the development process requires a certain transition. This adaptation circuit may take a few days. One of the most frequently encountered problems due to sudden changes in rations as easily be exploited, especially in carbohydrate occurs. An increase in the number of microorganisms that use them, the lactic acid-producing bacteria, and benefit from it causes an increase in the number of. Rumen pH to an acidic environment that ment to address, and 5.5 's fall under the causes.
Rumen pH and volatile fatty acid production of microbial populations that affect is one of many factors. Functions in different pH conditions, the two main bacterial groups has continued. The first is that the fiber digester bacteria usually adlandırılanlan are effective in the pH level of 6.2-6.8. Selülotik and bacteria mategonik pH 6.0 begins to fall below may decrease. Starch digestion is effective on those who prefer an acidic environment. (5.2-6.0). Certain types of protozoa at pH 5.5 's tremendous pressure falls below enter. Normal feeding pattern is like in the rumen pH is between 5.8-6.4.
In Rumen MICROBIAL DIGESTIVE
Rumen, rumen microbes and their carbohydrate, protein and provides a good environment to be able to digest cellulose. These volatile fatty acids or energy through digestion and microbial protein can be used by animals.
Carbohydrates
Non-structural and structural carbohydrates exposed to rumen fermentation of volatile fatty acid form. Also according to the amount of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, butyric acid, iso, Valerie belong, and others can be listed as iso valerie acid. Volatile oils of animals belonging to a portion may provide 80% of energy requirements.
Total volatile fatty acids in acetic acid, usually 50% - 60 ratio has. The amount of roughage in the ration increased emphasis. Acetate, and adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis is used for the start of the event Lipogenesis. Some transparencies used for the muscle metabolism and body fat is. Sufficient amount of milk fat synthesis of acetic acid in sufficient money to be essential.
If the fiber drops of acetic acid levels in the ration rates also are correspondingly reduced. This is also concentrated in the feed rations for use in the over-rate or pellet feed, such as the use of heat treated feed may be concerned with.
Propionic acid at a rate of around 18-20% in total compliance to have. The highest rate in the ration with increasing concentrations of heavy feed will access. This acid is effective liver through glukojenik as a source of blood glucose can also be used. Also be used in the synthesis of lactose.
Butyric acid, 12-18%, and the money can be used to provide energy in the rumen wall. During absorption from the rumen epithelium is converted to ketone bodies greatly. Beta-80% of ketone bodies already hidroksibütirik acid forms a part. B-fatty acids in hidroksibütirik acid synthesis in adipose tissue also is effective.
Ration and largely conform to the synthesis of methane-forming bacteria in the rumen depends on the population. Rates also largely pH dependent.
Volatile fatty acids are absorbed passively from the overall rumen wall. Reticulum and rumen wall caused by the absorption of rumen pH stability is important to be right. This event also in terms of continuity of the growth of bacteria selülotik importance. Rumen volatile fatty acids are not absorbed in the wall to move on to the lower part can be absorbed in the omasum or abomasumdan.
Long chain fatty acid absorption from the rumen wall and rumen is influenced by pH. Bütüratlar propionatlardan, propionatlar are also absorbed more than acetate.
Net absorption amounts as a result of bleeding days followed suit in the rumen and the concentration depends on the amount absorbed from the rumen wall. Order absorption from the rumen wall bütürat, propionate and acetate would be. Higher concentrations in the rumen and the rumen wall in the evaluation of low rate of bleeding as a result of acetate to fit most will last and he followed propionate. Low concentrations in the rumen and the rumen wall Bütürat highly metabolized in the blood because very little is found.
Lactic acid also important if the ration contains starch, and acetate, propionate and bütüratlara is fermented. Is presented directly to the lactate is absorbed from the rumen wall. Lactic acid, balanced rations of dairy animals and the rate of accumulation does not make much manejman is fine. If the transition is made gradually to feed grain lactic acid bacteria and easy to grow, depending on consumption of carbohydrates can be fermented lactic acid caused an increase only allow for a while, then the situation is under control.
The main problem or cereal starch such extreme proportions. including in the use of ration is observed. 50% of the total acid content of rumen lactate may reach 90. It is absorbed from the rumen wall, passing blood, feed interruption, the falling yield laminitis development and causes a disease characterized by the so-called systemic asidozis.
Proteins
Another critical function of rumen microorganisms is also of microbial protein synthesis. These proteins are around 66-87% of the biological value of the biological value of protein diet değişir.rumen microorganisms can reduce or increase.
Rumen bacteria as the source of most of the ammonia nitrogen can use one. Some real protein or specific amino acids may also need.
Protein in the diet of microorganisms in rumen ammonia and non-protein nitrogen compounds (produced, etc..) Hydrolyze to be uncovered as a result. Variance with some way from rumen ammonia. Is used by microorganisms, for example, is absorbed from the rumen wall or abomasuma can go.
Can not be used by rumen microorganisms, ammonia is absorbed directly from the rumen wall. Absorption rate, rumen pH'sına, depends on the concentration of ammonia. PH 6.5 or greater in environments where absorption is faster, 4.5 What is in the vicinity is zero. Rumen ammonia concentration of 100 mg / dl limit is seen when the ammonia poisoning. In this case 8, on rumen pH, ammonia concentration in plasma 2 mg / dL is level.
In nature, such as non-protein nitrogen compounds produced additional costs will reduce the use of protein. Produced by rumen microorganisms in microbial synthesis of ammonia is decomposed to be used. These microorganisms in the non-protein nitrogen compounds in nature are capable to use. During this process, ammonia, amines, amides, nitrates occurs and as a source of nitrogen in them are taken into consideration.
Microbial protein equivalent to animal protein and vegetable protein carries a biological value, including most of the terms of the essential amino acids are left behind. However, the essential amino acids needed by rumen microorganisms, animals, all of the sentezleyemez.
Absorption of amino acids and is incebarsaklarda evaluation. Many in the construction of body protein or milk protein, etc.. used in the construction. Blood glucose levels and provide some of the energy requirements is also used against.
Lipids
Rumen microorganisms and highly modified lipids can immediately. Microbial metabolism and triglyceride Galaktolipidlerin, starts with hydrolysis. Parts of glycerol and galactose are fermented to volatile fatty acids Hemne. Free fatty acids, are neutralized and pH'sında rumen bacteria and food particles will stick on. Rumen microorganisms as a source of energy can not use fatty acids. Lipids to the fore in cases yıkılımlarında rumen microorganisms dehigrogenasyon interests. For example, fatty acids can add hydrogen. For example, oleic acid, stearic acid dehidrogenasyonu can be given as examples.
Vitamins
B complex vitamins and vitamin k Romanians also also has ability to synthesize. Thus, to a lesser dependence on vitamins in animal rations shows. If you have enough rations cobalt cobalamin deficiency in animals in general are not uncommon.
Milk of cattle nutrition BASIC CONCEPTS
Ruminants, cellulose and the people and animals with one stomach can not be assessed by evaluating nutrient and to them, an excellent ability to translate it to food such as milk have.
Human consumption are not addressed in the land of nutrients, ruminantlarca can be evaluated. Alfalfa or corn silage for instance low-cost but effective one ARE feed sources.
Ruminants, people can not be assessed by evaluating these resources despite certain basic rules to remember fed, on behalf of performance can be optimized is important.
In this regard the main concepts of general practice in the feeding, structural and non-structural carbohydrate fractions and protein fractions from various sources could be called express.
Fiber (cellulose) material generally can continue as a healthy rumen function in terms of the essential. If the percentage roughage ration contains insufficient duration decreased in animals chewing and saliva secretion that is known to decline as it is connected. This further reduces salivary secretion and ruminal characteristics of the rumen buffer pH'sında declines are seen.
If the rumen pH of 6.0 will fall under the matter, negatively affected and numbers selülotik microorganisms is reduced. This increase is followed by propionate-producing microorganisms. In this case, acetate / propionate ratio decreases and as a result a decrease in milk fat is observed.
Particle size of forage and rumen also is important in the evaluation of cellulose.
Reduced rate of roughage ration, dry matter intake increases, the degree of rumen digestion in the fall, depending on the duration of stay is reduced. Contains low percentage of the ration as roughage in the rumen short time to come whether chewing and swallowing whether rumen also quick to leave traces. This is followed by dry matter intake increases because of the rapid transition from the rumen, but this is treated by microorganisms and particles will result.
In addition to the length of the fiber content in forage oath önemlidir.bu carbohydrates slowly is important to control fragmentation and rumen pH. ADF and NDF, fiber fractions are the most commonly used in rations. In animals in early lactation, high yield of the total ration dry matter 18-20% of the rate of ADF, NDF rate% 28-30civarında also be recommended. NDF and particle size is particularly known, effective fiber in the ration in determining the rate of importance. However, the value is not equal to the ration each fiber.
Different reasons, depending on fiber digestibility will supply changes. For example, some fibers in the product side, according to forage in the same fiber may have a higher degree of digestion and can be digested faster. Low-quality roughage fully meet the needs of the fibers may not. Very immature forage quickly digest the fibers belonging to the, also can cause failure.
Getting ready for the main logic of the ration and rumen environment and the animal itself is taken into consideration. Cultivation of the soil grain properties, and roundness, immaturity, steam, etc. with the treatment. operations of the grain ration, and therefore also affects availability of the digest.
Grinding of grain, endosperm separation processes such as the effect of the rumen microorganisms eat the increase. Heat treatment increases the rate of starch use. This is usually based on the EDC to the Gelatinization and starch granules in the form of a transaction occurs, such as steaming. Type of grain processing, intensive fodder, non-structural carbohydrates, the share of total dry matter intake, on animals' performance has a tremendous impact.
Here, cell wall content and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) also required a balance between efficiency in terms of both animal health importance. Carbohydrate diets are effective life is slow and the rumen pH of yıkılımının prevention of sudden decline in terms of importance. NSC, or sugar and starch, animals, and the energy needs of rumen microorganisms in terms of the provision are important.
NSC and NDF rates balancing main aim is control rumen pH. Microbial protein and vitamin b complex for synthesis of optimum rumen pH varies from 5.8-6.4. This range of traditional feeding systems, especially during the day although a low percentage increase or total fluctuations are decreased to appear blended ration (TMR) applications is minimized.
The provision of needed fiber, protein nitrogen to be balanced, in many ways, such as adjustment of minerals to adjust rumen pH'sını purposes can be useful. Rumen pH levels and daily fluctuations in general, feeding systems and manejmanından affected. Traditional feeding systems, the rumen in the shape of the bell curve which pH'sında prevention of the formation of the curve is important in this respect.
Buffer substances are effective rumen pH control. Most commonly used sodium bicarbonate as a buffer conspicuously. The best utilization of the buffer material, a large percentage of the ration of corn silage, corn with high moisture or low rates are possible by including the cellulose.
In addition to the balance between carbohydrate fractions, especially high yielding animals and by-pass protein in the rumen can be fragmented in the ratio between the amino acid requirements are met is important. By pass protein amino acid requirements are met in terms of importance, while the nitrogen requirements of rumen microorganisms in fragmenting the stand on behalf of the protein is important.
Rumen microorganisms, although a regular employee even if they are living, feeding their developers to be sensitive to known substrates and their rations must also be wary of them. Rumen microorganisms and suddenly changes to show excessive protein, ammonia, urea and are sensitive to the type of fat in the ration. Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, magnesium and minerals such as cobalt, depending on the level of a high or low rates can cause problems when consumed.
The abnormal fermented materials, in rumen volatile fatty acids and lactic acid concentrations change. This case or in cases where the deviation from the normal pH of the feed material deviation from normal in cases where the moisture content in question may be more often. Corrupt, rotten use of bait, mycotoxins, as they adversely affect production, such as situations that could cause slipping abomasum.
Water or excessive rate, or if contaminated with bacteria or heavy metal elements such as chlorine contains much on rumen microorganisms can affect. Excessive rates also can be problematic in that acidic or alkaline. In appropriate cases to be checked by taking samples must be sent to laboratories.
EFFECTS OF DRY MATTER CONSUMPTION AND CATTLE in
Feeding dry matter intake in cattle manejmanının main objective is to increase. This increase allows an increase in milk yield. In addition, energy, digestibility of diets, rumen of the fullness, tastiness, temperature, body weight, feeding conditions, environment and ventilation, feeding frequency, water consumption and quality also are important. In each category to provide optimal conditions as a result of dry matter intake level would be required.
Overall energy requirements of lactating cows to satisfy their food consumption. In the case of energy needs met, they begin to take advantage of the body reserves. These oils are used in general purpose and energy needs are met, albeit a bit.
High efficiency dry out before the animals should be a good kondüsyonda. However, the excess oil should be prevented.
Total milk production costs in feed costs by 45% the amount in-60 ratio. Therefore, dairy feed costs, ignoring the nutrition levels maximize profitability in the dairy importance. Optimal feeding conditions in animals and give better quality and more milk. Furthermore, health status and drug treatment, such as healing and reproductive conditions that require veterinary costs are also saved.
Well a lot of milk in animals manejmanı essential. Dairy animals to feed and a good combination of very sophisticated and scientific background and nutrients manejman requires the ability of the animal and according to the needs of rumen microorganisms is an event that aims to compensate.
Rumen PHYSIOLOGY
Distinctive features of other animals consists of Ruminants have four stomachs are divided: Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. These reticulum and rumen because they are contiguous are usually along an. Ruminal microorganisms in these two divisions have gained prevalence.
Referred to as the blind pouch of the stomach reticulum is the first division. Metal, etc. If animals. honeycomb appearance can not be digested if swallowed objects in the stomach wall as a sieve, and their digestive system deal with them further to prevent province. Forage in parts from Retikuluma then vomiting are the re breach. Reticulum undigested feed and digesta may contain up to 2.5 gallons.
Hole is large and the organ muskular rumen. Volume of rumen development, structure and manifests itself as an increase in microbial activity and diet of the calf dry or liquid feed silo begins with an oath to return. The left side of the rumen normally almost completely fill the abdominal cavity is a volume.
40 to 60 gallon barrels of rumen fermentation can be treated as one. According to one estimate 150 billion a teaspoon of rumen microorganisms in rumen fluid exists. These microorganisms protozoa, bacteria and fungi are composed of. Microorganisms temperature, moisture and oxygen-free environment for you. These environmental conditions are also naturally in the rumen. 100-108 Fahrenheit temperature, pH-balanced as if the animal is being fed is around 5.8 -6.4, and these values will facilitate the development of many types of restrictions bacteria.
Omasumdan sometimes manyplies (multiple layers) are mentioned in the form. Since this organ is composed of a mucous layer in the structure. Part is reduced and water Omasumda digestanın passes digestadan ago abomasuma. That may contain a volume of 4 gallon Omasum has digesta.
The fourth compartment of the stomach is described as the true stomach and the digestive enzymatic reactions with digestanın the abomasumdur. This is true of enzymes secreted by the secretion of gastric wall and to be effective is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract. Functions like a pig stomach in animals with one stomach with a large extent is the same. Material may contain 5 gallon volume. Feed compared to the period of stay here when the rumen is very low. Finding stimulates secretion of HCI Abomasumda feed. HCI also translates into pepsin pepsinojeni so proteins or amino acids such as peptide chains are broken down into smaller pieces. PH values as low as 2-4 that is in Abomasumda acid production has greatly.
Digesta in liquid form barsaklara goes here. Here is a small resolution and with the fluidity of liquid particles is almost the same fluidity. PH increases the slow passing Digesta intestines. This is very important for enzymatic activity because of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal mucosa, usually swinging from the neutral and basic environments is effective for.
Synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, bile salts also are effective for ensuring that the pH value. In addition, the functions such as the emulsifier increase the influence of lipase are. Both bile salts and pancreatic lipase enzymes by making the stomach acids neutralize starch, protein and lipids to be hydrolyzed provide. Intestine for absorption yapıtaşlarının is the main environment.
Roughage and all easily be exploited advanced ruminantlarda carbohydrate sources, as well as starch undergoes fermentation in the rumen. However, excess supply of feed grain in the escape from ruminal fermentation by 50% reduces the starch and a lower digestion is concerned. In this context, small intestine glucose can be absorbed.
Thin reaching proteins barsağa income from sources ruminantlarda 3.
* Rumen microorganisms by the proteins that are not treated
* Made up of bacteria and protozoal cells and protein from rumen
* Endogenous protein called mucosa and rumen or intestinal cells and enzymes composed of tear protein
Pancreatic and intestinal proteases and thus allocate them to the small intestine absorption of amino acids is provided.
The main fatty acids in intestinal cells and the lipids are phospholipids converted. Triglycerides and microbial origin of escape from ruminal degradation of fatty acids as a result of treatment with pancreatic lipase to form free fatty acids. In these, intestinal mucosal cells are absorbed.
Up to this point can not be absorbed water, minerals, nitrogen and volatile fatty acid absorption in the intestine is thick. Electrolyte balance in the colon also, some microbial fermentation and feces in cases of temporary storage in such events has homeostatic functions.
And salivation of RUMİNASYON
Ruminant animal feed and then consume immediately capable of chewing animals. This process 'ruminasyon' is known as. Steps in the mouth again come to an oath, to be re-chewing, salivation and swallowing is simply a re-digestasının rumen. Process by reducing the particle size of feed Ruminasyon microbial function improves. Also easier to feed the stomachs of the cross section are provided.
Material from the mouth again 'bolus' or 'cud' is called and the material breach and tükrükten consists tükrükle covered. Digestive system is the largest salivary secretion and the amount directly from the animal feed to be separated and when ruminasyona is optional. A ruminant to ruminant Ergin 6-8 hours a day and more in a 47.5 gallon can salivation.
Salivary especially sodium, phosphorus, bicarbonate ions are rich and digestive system is also acting as a buffer substance. Neutralize acids formed during fermentation salivary bacteria and microbial growth is necessary for pH helps to protect the environment.
Saliva production kept under control by diet of ruminant animals can be improved. In animals with more chewing also increases the amount of saliva secreted. The time spent with the animal's chewing the natural structure of feeding and feed manejmanından be affected. Of forage particle size, number of daily feeding, feed consumption, etc. shape. directly affects the production of saliva. Cause much to chew for a long straw. And salivary secretion will increase Ruminasyonu. Are rich in cell wall and NDF in feed ruminasyon time increases.
High moisture content of grass silage, or pasture forage can reduce salivary secretion. Dane feed or reduce by 20% pellets in secretion. Saliva production can be reduced if the animals will not consume enough fiber foods.
Rumen of the FUNCTION
And proliferation in the mixed rumen digestanın is provided. Rumen movement of coarse particles, re-chewed food to come to the state,, is effective in volume reduction and microbial digestion. Slaked herbs, food particles, and so intense. tend to gather at the bottom. Ruminal fermentation and microbial particles as a result of actions by volume tends to decrease when they have the left the rumen. The lower part of the digestive system of micro-organisms act.
Structure and content of the rumen is affected by diet characteristics. Dairy animals and different particle size which is quite different feed raw materials consumed in the diet ever since they started to have a structure rumen contents was not uniform. Roughage, large, low density and floating layers including the rumen, while typically concentrated feed to the bottom of the rumen are collapsing. More floating sections are composed of coarse fodder. If the grass is less well fragmented and NDF rumen contents also less in the face of the part.
And that of the rumen fermentation vats contain certain bacteria causes the formation of gas here. These gases are present in the rumen and the upper part of the general form of carbon dioxide and methane. The rate of gas depends on rumen ecology and fermentation balance. In general, carbon dioxide, although some also converted to methane gas 2 / 3 'reputation creates. Approximately 132-264 gallons of gas each day belch through fermentation is discarded.
Called mucosal side of rumen papillae and the formation stage is covered with absorbsiyona. Their distribution, number and volume, intensive forage for food, feeding habits, feed efficiency and digestibility are closely related.
If a change in the animal's ration occurs, for example, forage / fodder for intense change, or dry rations with the animal's ration of lactating animals is changed, this change in this situation to change my papillalarının rumen to keep up to allow to be done in stages. Typically a 2-3 week period of adaptation is required to.
Development of some acids papillalarının rumen fermentation of feed production depends on the result. Propionic acid in feed intake and increase in intensive bütürik depending on increasing blood flow toward the ruminal epithelium supports the formation of epithelial cells. Diet and fermentation products of Papillalar acid or, depending on the volume of production and grow in number or volume shrinks.
Rumen MICROBIOLOGY
Of nutrients in the diet of dairy cattle feed balancing microbial growth and development of the rumen environment to be set up to provide opportunities. Requirements are taken into consideration as well as the animal's requirements of rumen micro-organisms must be understood.
Rumen microbial populations, bacteria, protozoa and funguslardan occurs. 1 g rumen fluid in general the average is around 1010 or 1011 which creates bacteria.
Bacteria also among themselves and the main functions can be classified according to different structural features. In addition, they affect the bacteria are classified according substratlara and usually under 8 groups are reviewed. This species cellulose, hemiselüloz, sugars, fats, medium-length fatty acids and proteins, components and produce methane. Classification and ammonia producers who benefit from expanded pectin extract, including the ability to influence edilebilir.Bakterilerin are often more than one substrate.
Methane-producing bacteria in rumen fermentation events all have an effect separate importance. Methane production also remains low concentration of hydrogen in the rumen is important. Be more effective in the fermentation of this importance. Methane-producing bacteria that cause a decrease in the quantity of hydrogen hydrogen-producing bacteria on behalf of the state to balance more difficult to manufacture, which will result in the bacteria to increase in number and as a result will use the Ruminants increased microbial protein causes.
Or 1 g of rumen protozoa in the rumen fluid is around approximately 105-106 from these feeding regimes are affected by. In general, the ability to feed in the case of high digestible protozoa rate increases. Some protozoa groups highly soluble sugar diets containing high starch content, while increases in some of the increases.
Protozoa as a source of protein that can be used. They are also effective in stabilizing the fermentation end products. Protozoa, bacteria and fungi will also support such as cellulose digestion.
What end of the rumen microorganisms, fungi Aneorobik uncovered is a group. In general, this live feed with hay rations weighted total rumen microbial population may be up 8%. Although still fully illuminated failed importance of the activity of these animals is known. And cellulose are known to Ksilanları parts.
Rumen microorganisms in the rumen to form 3 units are localized. The first is the liquid phase. Rumen fluid microbial groups, soluble carbohydrates and proteins are located on. Second phase of the microorganisms in the solid phase polysaccharides, cellulose and soluble protein sources so difficult. are targeted nutrients. This microbial population may be at a rate of up to 70%. At a rate of approximately 5% in the last phase is concerned, and usually attached to the rumen epithelial cells expresses the situation.
Rumen environment significantly there is an infection. The amount of rumen bacteria to protect their reproductive time must be shorter than the rumen digestasındaki conversions. In addition to dairy cattle feed as well as the number and rate of rumen microorganisms in affect.
Keeping in mind all of the microbial food ruminantlarda is required when making changes. Major changes in the ration of rumen microorganisms can also adapt to the development process requires a certain transition. This adaptation circuit may take a few days. One of the most frequently encountered problems due to sudden changes in rations as easily be exploited, especially in carbohydrate occurs. An increase in the number of microorganisms that use them, the lactic acid-producing bacteria, and benefit from it causes an increase in the number of. Rumen pH to an acidic environment that ment to address, and 5.5 's fall under the causes.
Rumen pH and volatile fatty acid production of microbial populations that affect is one of many factors. Functions in different pH conditions, the two main bacterial groups has continued. The first is that the fiber digester bacteria usually adlandırılanlan are effective in the pH level of 6.2-6.8. Selülotik and bacteria mategonik pH 6.0 begins to fall below may decrease. Starch digestion is effective on those who prefer an acidic environment. (5.2-6.0). Certain types of protozoa at pH 5.5 's tremendous pressure falls below enter. Normal feeding pattern is like in the rumen pH is between 5.8-6.4.
In Rumen MICROBIAL DIGESTIVE
Rumen, rumen microbes and their carbohydrate, protein and provides a good environment to be able to digest cellulose. These volatile fatty acids or energy through digestion and microbial protein can be used by animals.
Carbohydrates
Non-structural and structural carbohydrates exposed to rumen fermentation of volatile fatty acid form. Also according to the amount of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, butyric acid, iso, Valerie belong, and others can be listed as iso valerie acid. Volatile oils of animals belonging to a portion may provide 80% of energy requirements.
Total volatile fatty acids in acetic acid, usually 50% - 60 ratio has. The amount of roughage in the ration increased emphasis. Acetate, and adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis is used for the start of the event Lipogenesis. Some transparencies used for the muscle metabolism and body fat is. Sufficient amount of milk fat synthesis of acetic acid in sufficient money to be essential.
If the fiber drops of acetic acid levels in the ration rates also are correspondingly reduced. This is also concentrated in the feed rations for use in the over-rate or pellet feed, such as the use of heat treated feed may be concerned with.
Propionic acid at a rate of around 18-20% in total compliance to have. The highest rate in the ration with increasing concentrations of heavy feed will access. This acid is effective liver through glukojenik as a source of blood glucose can also be used. Also be used in the synthesis of lactose.
Butyric acid, 12-18%, and the money can be used to provide energy in the rumen wall. During absorption from the rumen epithelium is converted to ketone bodies greatly. Beta-80% of ketone bodies already hidroksibütirik acid forms a part. B-fatty acids in hidroksibütirik acid synthesis in adipose tissue also is effective.
Ration and largely conform to the synthesis of methane-forming bacteria in the rumen depends on the population. Rates also largely pH dependent.
Volatile fatty acids are absorbed passively from the overall rumen wall. Reticulum and rumen wall caused by the absorption of rumen pH stability is important to be right. This event also in terms of continuity of the growth of bacteria selülotik importance. Rumen volatile fatty acids are not absorbed in the wall to move on to the lower part can be absorbed in the omasum or abomasumdan.
Long chain fatty acid absorption from the rumen wall and rumen is influenced by pH. Bütüratlar propionatlardan, propionatlar are also absorbed more than acetate.
Net absorption amounts as a result of bleeding days followed suit in the rumen and the concentration depends on the amount absorbed from the rumen wall. Order absorption from the rumen wall bütürat, propionate and acetate would be. Higher concentrations in the rumen and the rumen wall in the evaluation of low rate of bleeding as a result of acetate to fit most will last and he followed propionate. Low concentrations in the rumen and the rumen wall Bütürat highly metabolized in the blood because very little is found.
Lactic acid also important if the ration contains starch, and acetate, propionate and bütüratlara is fermented. Is presented directly to the lactate is absorbed from the rumen wall. Lactic acid, balanced rations of dairy animals and the rate of accumulation does not make much manejman is fine. If the transition is made gradually to feed grain lactic acid bacteria and easy to grow, depending on consumption of carbohydrates can be fermented lactic acid caused an increase only allow for a while, then the situation is under control.
The main problem or cereal starch such extreme proportions. including in the use of ration is observed. 50% of the total acid content of rumen lactate may reach 90. It is absorbed from the rumen wall, passing blood, feed interruption, the falling yield laminitis development and causes a disease characterized by the so-called systemic asidozis.
Proteins
Another critical function of rumen microorganisms is also of microbial protein synthesis. These proteins are around 66-87% of the biological value of the biological value of protein diet değişir.rumen microorganisms can reduce or increase.
Rumen bacteria as the source of most of the ammonia nitrogen can use one. Some real protein or specific amino acids may also need.
Protein in the diet of microorganisms in rumen ammonia and non-protein nitrogen compounds (produced, etc..) Hydrolyze to be uncovered as a result. Variance with some way from rumen ammonia. Is used by microorganisms, for example, is absorbed from the rumen wall or abomasuma can go.
Can not be used by rumen microorganisms, ammonia is absorbed directly from the rumen wall. Absorption rate, rumen pH'sına, depends on the concentration of ammonia. PH 6.5 or greater in environments where absorption is faster, 4.5 What is in the vicinity is zero. Rumen ammonia concentration of 100 mg / dl limit is seen when the ammonia poisoning. In this case 8, on rumen pH, ammonia concentration in plasma 2 mg / dL is level.
In nature, such as non-protein nitrogen compounds produced additional costs will reduce the use of protein. Produced by rumen microorganisms in microbial synthesis of ammonia is decomposed to be used. These microorganisms in the non-protein nitrogen compounds in nature are capable to use. During this process, ammonia, amines, amides, nitrates occurs and as a source of nitrogen in them are taken into consideration.
Microbial protein equivalent to animal protein and vegetable protein carries a biological value, including most of the terms of the essential amino acids are left behind. However, the essential amino acids needed by rumen microorganisms, animals, all of the sentezleyemez.
Absorption of amino acids and is incebarsaklarda evaluation. Many in the construction of body protein or milk protein, etc.. used in the construction. Blood glucose levels and provide some of the energy requirements is also used against.
Lipids
Rumen microorganisms and highly modified lipids can immediately. Microbial metabolism and triglyceride Galaktolipidlerin, starts with hydrolysis. Parts of glycerol and galactose are fermented to volatile fatty acids Hemne. Free fatty acids, are neutralized and pH'sında rumen bacteria and food particles will stick on. Rumen microorganisms as a source of energy can not use fatty acids. Lipids to the fore in cases yıkılımlarında rumen microorganisms dehigrogenasyon interests. For example, fatty acids can add hydrogen. For example, oleic acid, stearic acid dehidrogenasyonu can be given as examples.
Vitamins
B complex vitamins and vitamin k Romanians also also has ability to synthesize. Thus, to a lesser dependence on vitamins in animal rations shows. If you have enough rations cobalt cobalamin deficiency in animals in general are not uncommon.
Milk of cattle nutrition BASIC CONCEPTS
Ruminants, cellulose and the people and animals with one stomach can not be assessed by evaluating nutrient and to them, an excellent ability to translate it to food such as milk have.
Human consumption are not addressed in the land of nutrients, ruminantlarca can be evaluated. Alfalfa or corn silage for instance low-cost but effective one ARE feed sources.
Ruminants, people can not be assessed by evaluating these resources despite certain basic rules to remember fed, on behalf of performance can be optimized is important.
In this regard the main concepts of general practice in the feeding, structural and non-structural carbohydrate fractions and protein fractions from various sources could be called express.
Fiber (cellulose) material generally can continue as a healthy rumen function in terms of the essential. If the percentage roughage ration contains insufficient duration decreased in animals chewing and saliva secretion that is known to decline as it is connected. This further reduces salivary secretion and ruminal characteristics of the rumen buffer pH'sında declines are seen.
If the rumen pH of 6.0 will fall under the matter, negatively affected and numbers selülotik microorganisms is reduced. This increase is followed by propionate-producing microorganisms. In this case, acetate / propionate ratio decreases and as a result a decrease in milk fat is observed.
Particle size of forage and rumen also is important in the evaluation of cellulose.
Reduced rate of roughage ration, dry matter intake increases, the degree of rumen digestion in the fall, depending on the duration of stay is reduced. Contains low percentage of the ration as roughage in the rumen short time to come whether chewing and swallowing whether rumen also quick to leave traces. This is followed by dry matter intake increases because of the rapid transition from the rumen, but this is treated by microorganisms and particles will result.
In addition to the length of the fiber content in forage oath önemlidir.bu carbohydrates slowly is important to control fragmentation and rumen pH. ADF and NDF, fiber fractions are the most commonly used in rations. In animals in early lactation, high yield of the total ration dry matter 18-20% of the rate of ADF, NDF rate% 28-30civarında also be recommended. NDF and particle size is particularly known, effective fiber in the ration in determining the rate of importance. However, the value is not equal to the ration each fiber.
Different reasons, depending on fiber digestibility will supply changes. For example, some fibers in the product side, according to forage in the same fiber may have a higher degree of digestion and can be digested faster. Low-quality roughage fully meet the needs of the fibers may not. Very immature forage quickly digest the fibers belonging to the, also can cause failure.
Getting ready for the main logic of the ration and rumen environment and the animal itself is taken into consideration. Cultivation of the soil grain properties, and roundness, immaturity, steam, etc. with the treatment. operations of the grain ration, and therefore also affects availability of the digest.
Grinding of grain, endosperm separation processes such as the effect of the rumen microorganisms eat the increase. Heat treatment increases the rate of starch use. This is usually based on the EDC to the Gelatinization and starch granules in the form of a transaction occurs, such as steaming. Type of grain processing, intensive fodder, non-structural carbohydrates, the share of total dry matter intake, on animals' performance has a tremendous impact.
Here, cell wall content and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) also required a balance between efficiency in terms of both animal health importance. Carbohydrate diets are effective life is slow and the rumen pH of yıkılımının prevention of sudden decline in terms of importance. NSC, or sugar and starch, animals, and the energy needs of rumen microorganisms in terms of the provision are important.
NSC and NDF rates balancing main aim is control rumen pH. Microbial protein and vitamin b complex for synthesis of optimum rumen pH varies from 5.8-6.4. This range of traditional feeding systems, especially during the day although a low percentage increase or total fluctuations are decreased to appear blended ration (TMR) applications is minimized.
The provision of needed fiber, protein nitrogen to be balanced, in many ways, such as adjustment of minerals to adjust rumen pH'sını purposes can be useful. Rumen pH levels and daily fluctuations in general, feeding systems and manejmanından affected. Traditional feeding systems, the rumen in the shape of the bell curve which pH'sında prevention of the formation of the curve is important in this respect.
Buffer substances are effective rumen pH control. Most commonly used sodium bicarbonate as a buffer conspicuously. The best utilization of the buffer material, a large percentage of the ration of corn silage, corn with high moisture or low rates are possible by including the cellulose.
In addition to the balance between carbohydrate fractions, especially high yielding animals and by-pass protein in the rumen can be fragmented in the ratio between the amino acid requirements are met is important. By pass protein amino acid requirements are met in terms of importance, while the nitrogen requirements of rumen microorganisms in fragmenting the stand on behalf of the protein is important.
Rumen microorganisms, although a regular employee even if they are living, feeding their developers to be sensitive to known substrates and their rations must also be wary of them. Rumen microorganisms and suddenly changes to show excessive protein, ammonia, urea and are sensitive to the type of fat in the ration. Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, magnesium and minerals such as cobalt, depending on the level of a high or low rates can cause problems when consumed.
The abnormal fermented materials, in rumen volatile fatty acids and lactic acid concentrations change. This case or in cases where the deviation from the normal pH of the feed material deviation from normal in cases where the moisture content in question may be more often. Corrupt, rotten use of bait, mycotoxins, as they adversely affect production, such as situations that could cause slipping abomasum.
Water or excessive rate, or if contaminated with bacteria or heavy metal elements such as chlorine contains much on rumen microorganisms can affect. Excessive rates also can be problematic in that acidic or alkaline. In appropriate cases to be checked by taking samples must be sent to laboratories.
EFFECTS OF DRY MATTER CONSUMPTION AND CATTLE in
Feeding dry matter intake in cattle manejmanının main objective is to increase. This increase allows an increase in milk yield. In addition, energy, digestibility of diets, rumen of the fullness, tastiness, temperature, body weight, feeding conditions, environment and ventilation, feeding frequency, water consumption and quality also are important. In each category to provide optimal conditions as a result of dry matter intake level would be required.
Overall energy requirements of lactating cows to satisfy their food consumption. In the case of energy needs met, they begin to take advantage of the body reserves. These oils are used in general purpose and energy needs are met, albeit a bit.
High efficiency dry out before the animals should be a good kondüsyonda. However, the excess oil should be prevented.
