INTRODUCTION

Soils, agricultural production is one of the basic elements. Because of the limited agricultural land, uncle, great selection and cultivation of the agenda of some of the gains are concerned. These are;
- The retention of carbon in the soil, thereby per hectare per year in the soil to remain with the environment in 1.250 kg CO2 supply,
- Protection against erosion of the soil surface so that approximately 25 billion tons of fertile top soil erosion, prevent loss of
- Chemical fertilizers and plant drugs with the flow away from the surface of the improvement of drinking water quality reduction,
- Labor force, time, fuel and machinery wear Reduced ensure
- Increase in soil organic matter and ensure a more efficient agricultural production and
- On the surface residue for the birds and small animals to create shelter and food sources due to the promotion of wildlife.

Depending on the process of industrialization, agricultural production has shown an increase in the use of chemicals. In the form of pesticides or chemical fertilizers as the first of the drawbacks have emerged in industrialized countries. Destruction of nature, human and animal health have been given to alternative production methods that damage the movement of searching has taken place among the new subjects of study. Ecological, biological or organic agricultural production systems that can be called with products manufactured in countries where living standards are high to find the market has become even more important with each passing day.

Ecological agriculture in the state authorities as IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture) prepared by the "Organic Agricultural Products in the Production and Processing Oriented Basic standards ¬ ¬" draft titled "2.4 Soil Conservation" and "2.5 Conservation of Water" section of soil and water in conservation needs to be done on the subject, suggestions are given wide space. In the draft of the soil, absolute protection needed for this purpose the top layer of soil loss reduction, for this purpose or a minimum of superficial tillage, appropriate rotation, soil surface longer be preserved for other business applications such as the methods to be included and erosion, compaction, salinity and other problems emphasis on prevention is needed. In the draft of the water in order to protect also the soil organic matter content increased, planting and irrigation design and appropriate time to make good recommendations, such as are located.
Taking into account the foregoing considerations, ecological agriculture, directly or indirectly affecting production of the review of tillage and appropriate systems to be proposed obligation is clear. In this article, in accordance with the basic principles of ecological agriculture tillage cultivation systems are trying to put forward.

SOIL ECOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE PROCESSING AND EXPECTATIONS

Ecological agriculture production methods for different plant and animal products are available and they are a very common principle. Ones are given below for tillage.

- Soil improvement and conservation of organisms in nutrition should be ensured and soil should not be exploited; Unlike natural productivity should be increased. To achieve this rotation, organic fertilization should be done soil tillage methods should be appropriate also.
- Soil structure and humus increase the amount of remedial measures along with soil protection, energy saving. working conditions at the workplace should be applied according to soil tillage methods. For this, soil structure and conditions must be observed, should work with the plotter instruments, such as the plow the land transfer to the processing equipment as possible should be given less space and basic rules as the number of extra business from the ground should be avoided.
- As is known in agricultural production, yield and quality are inversely proportional to the between. As a general rule must be balanced between the two. However, creating this balance in the ecological quality of agricultural products by the amount received should be noted that priority.
- Ecological production in the agricultural enterprises to be primarily fossil fuel oil and other energy sources that will provide optimum efficiency at the maximum level of savings should be a rule be followed. Solar energy and wind energy in the use of natural energy resources such as energy as possible should be preferred.

Above principles;
a) soil rich in organic matter and plant nutrients to keep
b) When it cultivation
c) High efficiency to prefer quality instead
d) Energy saving as much as possible in the use of resources

can be put under the main headings. Accordingly, the ecological agriculture from soil functioning, such as the following expectations can be ordered.

- Soil tillage, soil water and wind erosion should not lead to
- Soil organisms living in accordance with the best environment should prepare
- Macro and micro nutrients in the soil should prevent loss of
- Should avoid compression in the soil, plant root growth should prepare a suitable environment to
- Land grant to the root zone of the material to be returned to the soil below and in particular should be ensured and
- Plow tools such as the land transfer as little as possible, the handler should be used, instead Chisel, such as cultivators from the land transfer process tools should be preferred.

Some of the land used in agricultural production, processing techniques of ecological agriculture will respond to the request status is. However, these techniques should be used in which the decision will be made in the production of plant type and agroteknik features of the land under the influence of location and whether the erosion, soil structure and moisture status, etc.. such criteria are effective. Accordingly, selection of appropriate soil tillage systems is important.

SOIL PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Soil tillage systems used around the world in 4 classes under toplanmaktadýr.Bunlar conventional tillage, protected cultivation, reduced soil tillage, soil is classified as non-processing.

Traditional Soil Tillage

In a particular geographical area, cultivated seed bed preparation for a specific product made in the traditional tillage applications. Conventional tillage; product will no longer buried most of the 30% less product waste is left is a tillage system. This type of processing soil, tillage machines by taking advantage of the first and second class of the field in question is the preparation for planting. Tillage machine as first-class land speed machinery such as plows eared usually is used.
Conventional tillage production systems where the majority of the following applications are included.

- Folder with plow version
- Disc plow with crushing (1 or 2 times)
- Rake or cultivator working with (1 or 2 times)
- October and fertilization
- Cultivator or rotary hoeing with anchors (1 or 2 times)
- Irrigation
- Agricultural war and
- Harvesting

Protected Soil Tillage

Protected cultivation; In order to reduce water and wind erosion, planting after the soil surface at least 30% of the front of the plant no longer belong to the right of the cup was applications. Longer necessary to completely coating the surface soil density, soil type, slope conditions, rotation and crop residues remaining in the soil in winter, mainly depends on many factors. Protected lands in the process of land only seed bed preparation, chemical application to control weeds and the seed is processed to be added.
Protected as tillage systems, in practice it is possible to meet various sub-systems. Some of these are noted below.

- Minimum tillage (minimum tillage)
- Reduced soil tillage (reduced tillage)
- Nem disabilities (Mulch) soil tillage (mulch tillage)
- Without soil tillage (zero tillage, planting or planting plotted) (no-till, zero-tillage, slot-plant)
- Band in tillage (strip tillage)
- Back for planting tillage (ridge tillage)

Reduced Soil Tillage

Crop production or existing soil conditions, the processing of land that may be required to meet the requirements of minimal processing of course is to keep. This definition, according to year and the country has changed. Often, instead of meaningful minimum tillage reduced soil tillage is more accurate to use the concept.

Reduced soil tillage

Requires less energy than conventional tillage systems that are composed of operations. In other words, reduced soil tillage, soil tillage systems compared to traditional non-intensive and less land keep the process is a system of course. In this system, according to the traditional system or reduces the number of applications require less energy per unit area or the place is given to soil tillage machines.

Humidity Disabled (with Mulch) soil tillage

Now, especially near the soil surface or surface to be left to the natural way is to keep all the soil surface processing.
Mulch tillage with soil for planting processing and back without a non-tillage cultivation system is protected. Soil tillage; Chisel plow, disk with tools, field cultivators and
Cutting plows or grass paths are made with users. Weeds, herbicide application and / or products to be controlled by the anchors are taken. Application number; ensure that sufficient erosion control is now limited to providing the surface is left.

Soil Tillage-free (Zero Soil Processing, plotted in October or planting)

The addition of intact seeds to advance directly to the soil is the process. In this system,
sowing and harvest on soil from the planting to harvest is left intact. Only so-called direct sowing machine of the machines and bury users or disc shredder now, anchors, etc.. a narrow strip of land by the type plotted in the form of openers is processed. Therefore, direct sowing machines, does not disturb the soil outside the planting process. Leave the seed at a depth can be used to open a drawn cultivation and planting of the machines, no longer able to cut and unspoiled land should be able to bat. Therefore must have structural features different from conventional machines. Business issues that may be due to soil control the weeds before planting, germination before or after germination
herbisitlerle can be applied are provided. Shape and time herbicide application, weed density and depends on climatic conditions.

Hal Soil Tillage in Strip

Portion of the soil surface less 30veya% in the form of tape or strip is to be processed.

Back to Earth October Oriented Processing

And maintenance of the plant will be added on during or after harvest in the back the creation and protect them in the same place every year is the system.
Back to the soil for planting processing soil fertilizer applications generally outside the harvest is left without work until October. Plants, during the previous training is sown or planted in the back are made. Back usually during the annual maintenance, the furrow irrigation methods or back / are made by dimple. Ridges, ridge tillage system immediately begins for or during maintenance operations to prevent the creation of the back of moist soil immediately after harvest can be made. However, the back of the canceled immediately after harvest, plotted in excess of erosion will cause poor now and back to allow the development of weeds on the grounds is recommended. Ridge height of the harvest; be 15-20 cm, with high erosion risk areas after October 8 cm higher in at least drawn is recommended.
Ridge tillage systems generally in crowbar, while disc cleaners,
user units that has buried or horizontal disk sowing machines are used. During sweeps, 3-5 cm soil, surface residues and weed seeds in the ordinary walks away. Thus, back on the damp, no longer an environment that is free, and the seed planted will be prepared. Corn and grain sorghum stalks in some cases the period between harvest and planting is fragmented. Dry chemical fertilizers, spreaders or with a tape machine in the form of cultivation is given in the fall.
Tillage practices, not only in terms of problem resolution level, but also energy that occur after entry and application, in terms of side effects also should be examined. In general, the solution of existing problems or problems with another problem is known to occur. For example, during the relaxation process,
And even create turf desires work hard and impermeable layer depth has occurred.
Many factors in the selection of soil tillage system is more effective. These are related to the beginning of the ground as soil texture, structure, organic matter content, mineral status and structure of land slope, erosion, plant root depth; climate as rainfall amount and distribution, water balance, growing season length, soil and ambient temperature, dry like last time properties; products depending on the duration of training, the root structure and properties, water requirements, seed, socio-economic situation in regard to business size, power supply, the presence of family structure and status, labor force status, use of cash and credit facilities, other under the title of the government policies, aims and priorities are included.

Must PROTECT SOIL PROCESSING

Ecological agriculture has primarily to protect the soil and care must be taken should not be lost. Soil water needed, as well as protection from wind erosion is the most simple way is to land on the surface left by now. Accordingly, the ecological agriculture in the cultivation of the soil also requested reasonable, water and energy conservation tillage systems, the principles that should be protected.
Protected cultivation. Many variables can affect. These include;
- The amount of soil surface longer
- Erosion
- Infiltration and surface flow
- Chemical structure
- Soil organic matter and pH on the surface condition and
- Type and amount of pesticides used
located.
As stated earlier in the pre-owned plant residues, occurring due to different soil tillage systems in controlling soil loss is the most important factor
Accordingly, now covering 20% of the surface soil loss that may occur in approximately 50% decrease in the percentage rate of 30% is removed while the coating decreased 64% s has reached the level. In this case, the keyword processing-protected land on the surface of the soil is no longer in business.
Erosion; moving water, wind, ice or gravity effect operations into areas such as the geological effects are defined as the erosion of land surface. Water erosion, soil particles and other soil turf begins with agregatlarýndan away. . Raindrops hitting the soil particles from the soil is the main reason to move away from their environment. A single drop of rain may be insignificant. However, the rain drops hit the surface of the soil during a large force to the surface of the soil of shock to the emergence of the energy level of scorn that can not be causes. A violent storm and rain up to 250 tonnes from an area of 1 ha lýk amount of soil removal can cause whether parts. Plants belonging to the front surface of the soil or other cover crop is now to find the damping effect of rain drops, erosion is reduced significantly.
Strong wind turbulence effectively, with high risk of erosion, wind erosion causes the field conditions. 30 cm above the soil surface, a blowing wind speed 20 km per hour, a high risk of soil movement in field conditions are adequate for. Field conditions at high risk of erosion also requested the bare surface, loose, dry and non-protected surface with slim body is understood. Wind speed 30 km / h from 50 km / he reaches out to three times the erosion rate.
Diameters smaller than 0.1 mm from the soil particles in the air flow portable miles before falling, they remain suspended in the air flow. 0.5 mm in diameter in the coarse soil particles from the soil surface where they jump on the dahabüyük toparak particles (0,5-1,0 mm in diameter) rolling on the surface of the soil and transports.
Can prevent or reduce wind erosion, there are different ways. The vegetation of the soil surface or pre-owned plants to be covered with simple and common practice now. Now or vegetation, soil surface reduces the wind speed and soil particles in contact prevents wind forces. Near the soil surface or soil particles moving in the same manner vegetative material and limits the avalanche effect. Wind erosion, reduce the amount of which is necessary for now, no longer the type, height, wind direction and no longer depending on the type of soil will vary according to location.
Protected cultivation, leaving the soil surface longer and reduces soil erosion by reducing pülverizasyonunu. Each application will be processed soil surface residue decreases.
Tillage soil mixing machines for mixing herbicides and weed control can be very useful. Wind erosion control, but no longer causes a large part of the burial.

Should BENEFITS AND PROTECT SOIL PROCESSING drawbacks of

Protected lands in the process, the land in question is at least processing. Reduce the level and frequency of cultivation is turned, stubble or crop residues and soil on the land will not be left completely confused. Seed this stubble in the soil or processed into small strips are added. Weed control, soil and not with herbisitlerle processing is provided. Chemical fertilizers into the soil before planting or sowing with the top layer of soil is placed. Weeds under control is now belong to the field and destroying pre-plant dependence on herbicides increased due to the sustainable features of the protected cultivation and does not move is questionable.