1.Budamanın Objectives:
Pruning has different purposes. If you need to sort them into substances;
Fruit trees as soon as possible to create a physiological balance and to protect
Regular and on-body to provide a balanced crown formation,
The maintenance of fruit trees, fruit derimini, fighting pests, etc.. facilitate the technical work,
Dry has, diseased, ecological damage and mechanical effects are, with broken branches have overlapping branches or narrow-angle cut,
Carbon assimilation in order to increase the light-tree to enter the inside to provide much better and increasing their leaf surface,
To prevent and every year-yi Periyodisite to receive regular product,
Improve fruit quality,
-Planting time and subsequent pruning within a few years down the crop when the fruit without breaking move to developing a strong and wide-angle made by selecting the branch, to give the tree a good shape, 2.Fizyolojik Basics:
Fruit trees, seed germination down trees in the efficiency of the circuit between youth, the start time to yield the yield fell from the circuit until the last maturity, age at subsequent circuit as the circuit of three physiological life cycle is.
Trees, leaves, roots produced by the amount of carbohydrates taken by the minerals (especially N) ratio is important and must be equal. If the CH / N> 1 the flower buds of fruit trees, CH / N <1 the process will be more of exile.
Six bodies buried in the efforts of the youth circuit, is more than the efforts of aboveground organs. So CH / N ratio is less than 1. Fruit trees, this circuit is the creation of strong shoots "Youth barrenness is called.
Youth as much as possible short circuit sterility is requested. Therefore;
Hack-roots
Saplings in a balanced way-with manure and nitrogen fertilizer,
-Weak rootstock to use,
To increase the intensity of a regular-chic to create a crown,
Assimilation to increase the surface-to leave long branches,
-Strong growth in terms of their branches and expand the body,
More some of the thin-branch head is shot with such measures.
Generative growth in old trees in favor of the physiological balance is disturbed. In this case: - Branches of a shorter cut,
Previously bent-bent to remove a portion of the branches,
-Angles to revise the terms of the extended branches,
-Branch overly diluted fruit Making
-Trees can be taken measures such as fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizer.
3.Budama Technology:
Pruning process is a technical process. For this reason, there are some rules. Now this sort of conduct itemized let;
-Trees in which the physiological circuit should be trimmed accordingly.
Forming circuit-pruning operations should be applied to wood branches, branches touching the fruit should not be mandatory unless there is. Thus, a good way to give fruit trees will be down as early as the fruit will be provided. In late action, and otherwise irregular shaped fruit will lead to lying.
-Yield to the young trees did not lay flowers in the eyes of the hard pruning to prevent the formation of the tree causes the prolongation of youth circuit sterility.
-Buddha to be, and each branch of the tree should be examined collectively should be addressed separately.
-Well-shaped tree branch at the cutting edge part of vegetative growth should be implemented in.
The main branch on the crown of-body at the same height and should be dealt with equal respect, equal force must be. (Figure 4.1.)
Figure branches 3.1.Yan overhead view.
Distribution of the leader is seen around the majors. Development forces in the correct formation of the crown and leading the five branches scattered around the equal angles chosen, so too has created an ideal floor. Is wrong with the side branches in the crown formation is very common for each other and cultural processes will overshadow a difficult ideal crown could not be established.
Major angles-45-60o of the body they should be with. Narrow-angled branches that are weak because of the resistance is broken down quickly.
Figure 3.2. Latch Branch Opening
Figure 3.2. As can be seen at the tips of young branches opening in the latch attached to the weights can be used.
If the weight and ensure the preparation of the difficult aspects and to expand the branch you pick, pruning residues, reed cane, thin wood, etc.. materials available. What is important is that no matter how steep the angle of development is to expand the branch.
Figure 3.3.Dal Expansion Angle.
Figure 3.3. we want to extend the terms of b, branch, pruning branches from a natural opener, as has been expanded. branches of foreign ministers to remove the toothpicks c, has been expanded with the angle.
Attention should be paid to the formation of branch-Assist. Help as much as possible on the major branches of equal length and should be left in the same direction. Also assist with major branches should be no competition between vegetative growth and form in terms of respect for the help we can provide regular development branches, main branches 15-25 cm from the point of growth. more must be selected below. Also assist with major branches between 45o angle to be have to be careful.
Major between-if there are irregularities in terms of vegetative growth;
a) Strong fruit on the branches are fully diluted by leaving weak branches,
b) a branch too much on its strong branches to a point of the flow of nutrients should be prevented, weak branches in the branch nutrient flows to dilute points of growth should be directed.
c) developing a strong point of the branches should be expanded, weak development of the branch should be narrow
Figure 3.4. Development Status of the branches of different width.
In terms of development of different branches of Figure 3.4.de situation developing in parallel görülmektedir.Yere strong shoots on branches (voracious branches) occurs. Narrow the growing branches with leaders develop a strong and late fruit lies. However, 45-60o angle with the vertical branch of the developing fruit on the eyes occurred early fruit lies.
It should be remembered that short-cut branches of vegetative development, no longer leave or not to cut ta encourages generative activities.
-Same point side by side branches growing in the same force must not be allowed to develop a wide-angle narrow-angled branches that must be removed by leaving.
Fruit tree species and varieties in-between in terms of development they have created in terms of branches and flower buds and the number of dalcık they create are differences in terms of locations. Therefore, variations within species should be examined separately. For example, an apple variety that Jonafree, long cut creates dead in the eyes. This kind of have to do is cut shorter.
Figure 3.5. At the age of a tree during the static yield in pruning the branches to be issued.
How to make the cut in the upper branches are shown. In the segment leader in the sewing, vaccination points in the opposite direction over the eyes, the side branches should be cut over the eye looking outward. Cut batter should be done, should not damage the eye.
4.Budama time:
When pruning, fruit tree volume growth, cutting against the response will show, efficiency, physiological effects and economic life. Winter and summer pruning (green) to be done in two separate and contrasting seasons.
4.1.Kış pruning time:
Most appropriate time to prune fruit trees, leaf breakdown in the days following the start of the spring growth period is the period between. Fruit trees in warm winter days in the winter to rest me of entering the next period, in terms of pruning, is the most appropriate time zone. In this circuit because it's easier than ever to print and supply the workers as well as tree branches to be issued is not in the leaves can be detected easily. However, where severe freeze last winter before the hard, not to be made of pruning, pruning should be done after danger of frost.
4.2.Yaz pruning time:
During the summer of fruit trees diluted exile, receiving end, bending, bending, branches mutually connected with each other and to extended angles, such as narrowing the process to all summer pruning to be called. According to the pruning in the winter of summer allow more chunkiness.
Summer pruning when the fruit / leaf ratio must be observed.
Summer pruning in the goal, to provide better color of fruits, vegetative development to organize, to be done in the winter pruning to reduce transaction and my work with the skin to facilitate cultural activities.
Summer pruning of fruit trees, especially in the shaping of an important technical process needs to be done. Fruit trees, summer pruning the end of the spring and summer growth periods in the development period can be done after getting woody shoots. Generally distorts the shape on the tree, branch growth of undesirable developments, but help is at a loss by cutting out the branches can be bend or be bent. Some branches can be detained without enhanced by expanding the angles.
Branch of the eyes and 5.Elmada:
Pruning the trees on the unwanted and deformity are composed of the branches are removed. Therefore, from a brief look and it is useful to speak of exile.
5.1.Gözler:
Around with hair and scales by pointing protected from external factors are the growth points. Branches of fruit trees, leaves and flowers oluştururlar.Yaprak, shoots and flowers, as the eyes can leave.
Leaves eyes, flattened, triangular or slightly swollen, pointed, oval shapes can be. A year earlier the leaves of apple shoots occurs on the seat. Exile eye, growth points, as occurs on the long axis of the wood branch. Flower eyes, is found in the branches of fruit. Large, round, fluffy, or may be oval. Apple creates the flowers and leaves.
According to the position of the branches on the eyes; fly eyes, branch points of the growth is. Burning eyes, along the long axis of the branches occurs. Stipüler eyes, a look at the bottom of the right and left sides of two pieces. They are very small. Under pressure because they are the main eye will not take. Ecological and mechanical effects disappear when the pressure or the eyes will take the main eye is cut and mutual lasts two branches.
5.2. Branches:
According to the branches they create eye;
Branch tip: Growth of the driving point of the eye occurs. Plays an important role in shaping the tree.
Early Branch are: In the same year formed buds occurs as a result of riding in the same season. Is seen in more seedlings.
Minors are:
Glutton for Dal: Body and the elderly, sleep in the eye is composed of branches. Grows very fast as steep. Between nodes are very large, crisp body, and are less productive branches. Uses a very abundant nutrients. Shorten the life of fruit trees. Absolutely must be removed during pruning. However, broken branches, etc.. instead of bending can be made efficient.
Branch of Stipüler: Stipüler eye is composed of. Bottom left and the right of the principles of the eye in two pieces. The eye is damaged or broken is essential both eyes at stipüler lasts.
According to eye on the Properties;
Wood Disciplines: Solo wood contains the eye. Over the years, the fruit on the branches occurs. Main and auxiliary branches as leaves. Major portion of the body creates out of the crown. Branches on the main branch will help create. Between nodes is long.
Dal are mixed: both wood and fruit will keep their eyes together. Nutrition and fruit of the tree to give help.
Branches of fruit: Generally, keep eyes on the branches are the only fruit.
Pome Fruit Trees Fruit Disciplines:
1-Knob: articulation between each other is very close to the fruit branches. Height 1-2 mm. of 8 cm. ends up with his eyes değişebilir.Genellikle wood. First year they were formed on the ball at the small rosette-shaped leaves are 2-5. Depending on the kind of supply and maintenance of property in 1-10 years the fruit returns to the eye.
2-Lamburt: Knob eyes into the ends of the fruits of their eyes are built from wood. 2-3 or more branches are located on the elderly.
3-Exfoliating: Spare branches were of nutrients are stored. Occurs on the edge of the bun. On the knob, and pike can be found lamburt. Fruits, are large pouch large, is smaller than small.
4-Kargi: 5-20 cm. fruits are long branches. Those eyes are on the fruit is javelin crown. Eyes on the tip of the javelin and sometimes wood, sometimes with spines in some pear can be found. These are the fruits of the eyes to become 1-10 per year. Eyes on the wood of the javelin and lamburtlara could turn the time knob.
5-Dalcık: Kargi between branches of the wood is a branch of a fruit, fruit, resulting in eyes. In the Buddha should not be touched unless it is required. In the first year of fruit trees at the edge of fruit dalcık eyes should be taken.
6-Çıtanak: Topuz, lamburt, rubbing and consists of being a combination of javelin. Old trees are more. Trees in excess of the tree is a sign of aging. Rejuvenation pruning during a portion of them should be removed.
6.Terbiye Systems:
Dressage Leader 6.1.Merkezi System:
This type of pruning çöğür the main process, MM111, MM106, emerging as strong or semi-dwarf apple varieties are grafted on rootstocks can be applied to. Young apple trees, the easiest training system is the central leader system.
Figure 6.1.1.Tepe Draft
Planting in autumn defoliation of trees in the spring of eyes can be done in the time until I woke up.
Fruit in the garden will be planted seedlings may be branched or whip-shaped další. Planting system according to the drop point 5-10 cm soil pits on the surface of the vaccine to be toilet root seedlings are planted. If the whip in the form of seedlings after planting the seedlings Dalsi 75 cm that is shot over the hill. Hill is being shot by the reverse of the last observed point should be vaccinated. Thus, a balance in the tree is grown. If one or two old branched saplings planted side branches are left wide-angle images is to be 4-5, furious at the top of the side branches 25 cm. is shot through. 45 cm from soil level. branches are removed from the bottom up. These side branches 1 / 3 'ü the end should be cut. Distance equal to the side branches should be placed around the tree.
1.Birinci Growth Season
Figure 6.1.2
Planting the summer months following the beginning of the forming process will begin. Summer pruning begins when the exiles are 7,5-10 cm. His first job as a growing seedlings planted closest to the top of the exile leader who is selected as.
Particularly narrow angle spread of the branches with users (toothpick, pegs, bamboo, etc..) Should be extended. Seedlings planted in the summer months when a další consisting of 3-6 shoots well-majors will be selected. 5 is ideal to have one. (Figure 6.2.) If there are other interests are the exiles. Compete with leaders who are removed. Between branches as a vertical distance between 7,5-25 cm can. Thus branches to form first floor is selected. Distance between the bottom surface of the soil with branches at least 45 cm should be.
Stagnant period at the top of the first floor forming branches 50-60 cm follow-up should be shot from the top of the leader. Angles and extended side branches created 1 / 4 ü is cut. Minors below the tip of the branch leaders should be selected.
2.İkinci Growth Season
Create a second floor on the first floor should be 50-60 cm. Second floor should be as wide-angle seçilir.Dalların branches 3-5, body angle between the branches must be between 45-60o. The large ones should be narrow.
Newly created branches of the second floor in the first sub-branches of less than olmalıdır.Böylece not shaded. Main branches of the tips 1 / 3 ratio should be shortened. This type of pruning with a pyramid shape (Christmas tree) shape is obtained. Downstairs in the main branch forks, this always in the same direction should be left out, should pay attention to symmetry.
Pruning in the other year and 3.Üçüncü Track
Previous to the operation is continued. Every year, leaders from the tip of the main branch and 1 / 3 is cut. To the tree varieties, soil and climatic conditions compared to 8-12 in the main branch of a tree should be in the age of mature yield. 3 Accordingly, according to the needs Can also create a floor.
Each main branch located between 10-15 cm must be vertically. Should be expanded in terms of narrow, should be at an angle of approximately 45-60o. Dead branches, diseased and broken branches shall be trimmed is selected. Narrow and upright-growing branches, pruning in the winter will not disappear during the summer pruning are removed. Minors in exile have few side hill 1 / 3 ratio is reduced and is encouraged to exile. Central leader and rival branches of the main side branches are removed in the summer pruning. Terms of the first five years to expand the side branch angle needs to expand. Angle spread or expanded branches and fruit in subsequent years reduces the force eye development increases.
Figure 6.1.3. Yield up to the age of trees for training.
Training is applied to fruit trees lighter than when sitting, summer pruning to the minimum needs. The first step, dead, diseased and damaged branches, upright shoots are removed. To prevent ghosting and support segments forming the top of the side branches is important in creating the hit Christmas tree shape.
Grafted on the main process at the end of the season 6.1.1.Büyüme Image MM106 apple varieties in the appearance of the central leader training system.
6.2.Düşey Axis Finishing System:
Hill was then hit by Fidan Resim.6.2.1.Dikimden Support System Connecting through Kleps
In this system, a powerful leader from the ground ulterior hill until the space is allowed to grow 3-3.5 m. This is the central axis of a narrow cylinder around the branches of fruit loaded form is taking shape. From the center which was opened to the outside diameter of the branches towards the top of the tree should be reduced gradually. Side branches should be less than the thickness of the thickness of the body always follows the long upper branches shorter than higher up the little short-cone-shaped cylinder must be a way. In this system, very little binding, is tilting. Pruning operation is performed during the first 3 years. Old and older branches trimmed by cutting the two side branches can be renewed.
Mark and M 9 is recommended that the main process. Less sensitive to low temperature damage mark the main process and the M9 rootstock constitute slightly wider crown. In general, M9, M26 rootstocks and spur for types M7, MM 106 rootstocks this training method is appropriate.
M 9 on the main sequence all basics and 1.2-2 m m row spacing in the erectile 3,5-4.5. Support System, to this bamboo cane for each sapling or iron pipe support is required. They also approximately 10 cm in diameter, a tree every 7-10 masts should be erected. Most from a height of around 2.7 m from the top through a single wire if need be or the second or third wire can be passed.
Şekil.6.2.1. The vertical axis training system support system.
Support System:
Established garden with dwarf rootstocks in full, early planting of the subsequent yield can be support system should be established definitely. For this, we call each tree iron or spear cane reed (7) support is required. Each tree 7-10 thicker than 10 cm. diameter iron or wooden poles (5) are planted. My top 2.7 m. around a single wire (3) is passed. In case of need be spent in two or third wire. First direct (4) 60 with a steep slope that is examined. Wires in order to stop fixed to robust and tense. (1). Also from the first pole (4) before the wire tension to ensure that a mechanism (2) can be installed.
Buddha and the first year of planting, pruning;
Şekil.6.2.2. Hill Draft
75 cm from the hill is shot Dalsi seedlings. (Şekil.6.2.2.A) hill cut again be made. If leader development is poor hill can be cut again next year. The leading branches of branched saplings, the top 25 cm of the side branches are cut through the hills. 90-100 cm from the point of this vaccine will hit up. 1-2 If these side branches are removed. (Şekil.6.2.2.B)
Leader must be connected to planting with a heren. Angle equal to the side branches scattered around the leader should be. Branches should be at a height of 45-76 cm. 45 cm below the branches are removed.
Resim.6.2.2. Be to expand the branch angle.
Side branches should be leading with 45-60o angle. Leaders of branches and the narrow angle spread is not the appropriate body of the branches should be removed. To extend the terms of toothpicks (if small branches), some large trees emitter particles, rods or clothes pegs due to the weight of concrete can be used. (Resim.6.2.2.) Wood weights must be removed at the end of August. Minors must be in the vicinity of 45o angle. Horizontal branches with less than 45O'den fruit weight with respect to further expand. In this system, very little is binding.
Şekil.6.2.3. Use of Open Branch in Weight
Şekil.6.2.3. Finishing Techniques with the Leader of pinching
Upright-growing branches in the dormant period is subtracted. Pinching technique (hand-cut exile Fix) shot hill leading edge of new shoots of 7-10 cm can not be broken by hand and leading 2-3 exiled opponents are released. This behavior is repeated every 14 days until the end of July.
Second year pruning;
In March, a strong leader to compete with the tree branches to issue a narrow pyramidal form of protection is sought. To reduce the force less pruning should be done. Vertical shoots and branches are removed too strong. When you are cutting branches (branches that rise from the ground if required) must be quoted in part. If you do not want to go back a branch should be removed with the flat cut. Down the tree until the fruit is extremely strong Remove any branches. Summer pruning should be performed only. Fruit may remain after 2-3 apple trees. In general, in the second year to June most of the apples should be removed. Vegetative growth of fruit trees over the next slows and shortens life. 45-June the branches with the vertical angle to less 60O'e expanded. Leader in pruning after planting will be trimmed again. If growth is poor in the second year can be re-cut top. Leaders to compete with large side shoots to encourage and shape every 14 days to weaken the hand should be cut. This process begins when the shoots 7-10 cm and continues until the end of July. Planting in sufficient branching or (if less than 4) should continue the hill again.
Third year pruning
2. The same process is done in. Pinching technique from the ground to the leaders continue to be able to reach. At the top of the tree in early spring, the new angle of the branches are expanded. To bring the appropriate shape. Leaders directly connects to. In mid-June until the leader should be 240 cm length. Dilution can be done segments. Teeth should be cut. Until the fruit trees produce more fruit and branches in particular bottom to the head should not be diluted. Should not forget to check the growth of the fruit. Pruning is done to encourage growth. Touch each other during the stagnant branches of neighboring trees are trimmed. 2 and older than the pyramids in the form of branches to do less to make a strong side branches should be cut back. An old branches should not be cut, this event encourages excessive growth. In this system, until the fruit on the tree and hills and leaders should be shot down with fruit weight are taken.
Şekil.6.2.4. Şekil.6.2.5.
Efficiency in the age of pruning;
Vertical axis of the system efficiency in the age of orchard trees is around 300 cm height. This is the height of the tree in one of 2 ways to apply leadership.
1-wire to the other side the top branches can be twisted.
2-two old branches are trimmed back up on the weaker side branch.
Şekil.6.2.6. Draft hill.
(A) the appropriate height of the tree when it comes to the central leader should be bent and must be connected directly to
(B) width to create a leader through a weak side branches should be cut back.
Vertical axis system, the bottom branches are permanent, but two old or older branches with pruning cut periodically shortened. Higher parts of the tree to protect and narrow shape to create a new branch cut should be made closer to the leader. The branches should be removed to another branch of the shadows.
Ages of the trees in Şekil.7.Verim view.
6.3. Spindle shape Finishing System:
This system is used in ecology is relatively little of the sun. Within the limited space allocated for the tree to maintain cone shape toward the following majors in the body to constantly pruning abbreviation, in the upper branches of renewal pruning is done. Trees to slow down the development of powerful exiles is important to ensure low levels of development. Tree height and crown width of 2.10m usually between 0,9-1,5 m. Widely in a single row spacing during 3-3,5 m and order as the distance 0,9-1,5 m is applied.
Generally, M9, P22, Bud 9, P1, P2, are used in Fulueren 56 rootstocks.
a) Planting in Year:
Seedlings can be supplied as branched or další. Usually branched seedlings are preferred because they yield more branched seedlings early lies, shaping is relatively easy compared to seedlings další.
Planting the seedlings will be performed in Dalsi 75 cm. den, the upper branch of the branch 25 cm. over (about 85 cm.) hill is shot. Soil from 40 cm. 'Are removed from the bottom up to the branches.
b) Year 1:
Leaders from this year-end segment of the branch is not made, is deducted from stagnant period and up through a weak branches are connected. To be made each year as a result of such leaders as cutting a zig-zag growth can be ensured. Thus, the rule of leaders under pressure shall be kept and strengthened the young branches is possible. Soil from 40 cm. are removed from branches at the bottom.
After walking the tree branch next to the body of water to make a wide angle are bent or have been attached. Development to be erected at the bottom of those who bowed out of the stagnant period are. Cutting edge of the side branches certainly be made.
c) 2-Year 3:
The same method is applied in the training branch leader. If the tree shows very strong growth over the leader 2 years branch may be shortened.
Minors will be made strictly in the cutting edge, the angle of branches are expanded. If you have to be bowed upright growing branches are removed from the bottom of stagnant period. Distorts the shape of the tree growth showed excessive and often are composed of the acronym is not made in this branch is removed from the bottom branches.
d) 4.ve later years:
This system is shown in front of the tree height 2,1-2,5 m. dir. Shading reduced fruit quality due to this level when it comes to the tree height is a weak leader in the field will be cut back every year through. Likewise, the side branches, the tree if they exceed the allotted living space with cutting back is necessary to keep this secret within.
Formed at the bottom of the crown is removed from the bottom branches because these branches is close to the soil in which fruit is of poor quality.
Very strong growth in cases where the top parts of the tree pruning should be performed in the summer.
After the buds burst and a strong upright growing branches should bend with the help of toothpicks. Very powerful and advanced upright shoots should be removed from the bottom of stagnant period.
Rejuvenation pruning of new shoots out creating a short body is provided.
Disinfection of Vehicles 7.Budama of:
While we use pruning tools are not disinfected if the tree from the tree, from the garden to the garden can play a role in transmission of disease. Disinfection of pruning tools with very simple methods can be provided. Sodium is known as bleach for this job hypoklorid most practical solution is used. In this mixture we use the pruning shears, saws, etc.. passing from one to another as a garden or diseased trees, pruning after the suspect must be cleaned. Thus, trees and other areas of transmission of disease is prevented
Be done to wound 8.Budama Transactions:
Strong growing trees than those with poorly developed wound turn it off more quickly. Wounds, are treated with one of the toothpaste or other disinfectants.
Well-cut and quick-closing 5 cm. from small wounds may not need to take toothpaste.
Pastes are prepared to take wounds as follows; 200 g. in melted butter. Then, 200 g. wax, 200 g. resin and 100 g. pitch participate. Be prepared in solution from the fire. When it comes slowly up into 45 oC'ye alcohol are mixed. Began to swell mixing alcohol may be terminated. Jar is filled with the prepared paste before it gets cold.
To be done now 9.Budama Transactions:
Pruning now over, disease and pests are established for the barracks environment next year constitutes the source of the infection. Pruning of leaves in the garden waste and collected and burned as a result of diseases and pests of next year will cause a decrease in terms of source of infection. For example, apple farming is an important apple pests founded in mature larvae, printers, insects, red spider, etc. minor. winter pruning residues, spills, etc. at the bottom of leaves. environments spend.
Pruning has different purposes. If you need to sort them into substances;
Fruit trees as soon as possible to create a physiological balance and to protect
Regular and on-body to provide a balanced crown formation,
The maintenance of fruit trees, fruit derimini, fighting pests, etc.. facilitate the technical work,
Dry has, diseased, ecological damage and mechanical effects are, with broken branches have overlapping branches or narrow-angle cut,
Carbon assimilation in order to increase the light-tree to enter the inside to provide much better and increasing their leaf surface,
To prevent and every year-yi Periyodisite to receive regular product,
Improve fruit quality,
-Planting time and subsequent pruning within a few years down the crop when the fruit without breaking move to developing a strong and wide-angle made by selecting the branch, to give the tree a good shape, 2.Fizyolojik Basics:
Fruit trees, seed germination down trees in the efficiency of the circuit between youth, the start time to yield the yield fell from the circuit until the last maturity, age at subsequent circuit as the circuit of three physiological life cycle is.
Trees, leaves, roots produced by the amount of carbohydrates taken by the minerals (especially N) ratio is important and must be equal. If the CH / N> 1 the flower buds of fruit trees, CH / N <1 the process will be more of exile.
Six bodies buried in the efforts of the youth circuit, is more than the efforts of aboveground organs. So CH / N ratio is less than 1. Fruit trees, this circuit is the creation of strong shoots "Youth barrenness is called.
Youth as much as possible short circuit sterility is requested. Therefore;
Hack-roots
Saplings in a balanced way-with manure and nitrogen fertilizer,
-Weak rootstock to use,
To increase the intensity of a regular-chic to create a crown,
Assimilation to increase the surface-to leave long branches,
-Strong growth in terms of their branches and expand the body,
More some of the thin-branch head is shot with such measures.
Generative growth in old trees in favor of the physiological balance is disturbed. In this case: - Branches of a shorter cut,
Previously bent-bent to remove a portion of the branches,
-Angles to revise the terms of the extended branches,
-Branch overly diluted fruit Making
-Trees can be taken measures such as fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizer.
3.Budama Technology:
Pruning process is a technical process. For this reason, there are some rules. Now this sort of conduct itemized let;
-Trees in which the physiological circuit should be trimmed accordingly.
Forming circuit-pruning operations should be applied to wood branches, branches touching the fruit should not be mandatory unless there is. Thus, a good way to give fruit trees will be down as early as the fruit will be provided. In late action, and otherwise irregular shaped fruit will lead to lying.
-Yield to the young trees did not lay flowers in the eyes of the hard pruning to prevent the formation of the tree causes the prolongation of youth circuit sterility.
-Buddha to be, and each branch of the tree should be examined collectively should be addressed separately.
-Well-shaped tree branch at the cutting edge part of vegetative growth should be implemented in.
The main branch on the crown of-body at the same height and should be dealt with equal respect, equal force must be. (Figure 4.1.)
Figure branches 3.1.Yan overhead view.
Distribution of the leader is seen around the majors. Development forces in the correct formation of the crown and leading the five branches scattered around the equal angles chosen, so too has created an ideal floor. Is wrong with the side branches in the crown formation is very common for each other and cultural processes will overshadow a difficult ideal crown could not be established.
Major angles-45-60o of the body they should be with. Narrow-angled branches that are weak because of the resistance is broken down quickly.
Figure 3.2. Latch Branch Opening
Figure 3.2. As can be seen at the tips of young branches opening in the latch attached to the weights can be used.
If the weight and ensure the preparation of the difficult aspects and to expand the branch you pick, pruning residues, reed cane, thin wood, etc.. materials available. What is important is that no matter how steep the angle of development is to expand the branch.
Figure 3.3.Dal Expansion Angle.
Figure 3.3. we want to extend the terms of b, branch, pruning branches from a natural opener, as has been expanded. branches of foreign ministers to remove the toothpicks c, has been expanded with the angle.
Attention should be paid to the formation of branch-Assist. Help as much as possible on the major branches of equal length and should be left in the same direction. Also assist with major branches should be no competition between vegetative growth and form in terms of respect for the help we can provide regular development branches, main branches 15-25 cm from the point of growth. more must be selected below. Also assist with major branches between 45o angle to be have to be careful.
Major between-if there are irregularities in terms of vegetative growth;
a) Strong fruit on the branches are fully diluted by leaving weak branches,
b) a branch too much on its strong branches to a point of the flow of nutrients should be prevented, weak branches in the branch nutrient flows to dilute points of growth should be directed.
c) developing a strong point of the branches should be expanded, weak development of the branch should be narrow
Figure 3.4. Development Status of the branches of different width.
In terms of development of different branches of Figure 3.4.de situation developing in parallel görülmektedir.Yere strong shoots on branches (voracious branches) occurs. Narrow the growing branches with leaders develop a strong and late fruit lies. However, 45-60o angle with the vertical branch of the developing fruit on the eyes occurred early fruit lies.
It should be remembered that short-cut branches of vegetative development, no longer leave or not to cut ta encourages generative activities.
-Same point side by side branches growing in the same force must not be allowed to develop a wide-angle narrow-angled branches that must be removed by leaving.
Fruit tree species and varieties in-between in terms of development they have created in terms of branches and flower buds and the number of dalcık they create are differences in terms of locations. Therefore, variations within species should be examined separately. For example, an apple variety that Jonafree, long cut creates dead in the eyes. This kind of have to do is cut shorter.
Figure 3.5. At the age of a tree during the static yield in pruning the branches to be issued.
How to make the cut in the upper branches are shown. In the segment leader in the sewing, vaccination points in the opposite direction over the eyes, the side branches should be cut over the eye looking outward. Cut batter should be done, should not damage the eye.
4.Budama time:
When pruning, fruit tree volume growth, cutting against the response will show, efficiency, physiological effects and economic life. Winter and summer pruning (green) to be done in two separate and contrasting seasons.
4.1.Kış pruning time:
Most appropriate time to prune fruit trees, leaf breakdown in the days following the start of the spring growth period is the period between. Fruit trees in warm winter days in the winter to rest me of entering the next period, in terms of pruning, is the most appropriate time zone. In this circuit because it's easier than ever to print and supply the workers as well as tree branches to be issued is not in the leaves can be detected easily. However, where severe freeze last winter before the hard, not to be made of pruning, pruning should be done after danger of frost.
4.2.Yaz pruning time:
During the summer of fruit trees diluted exile, receiving end, bending, bending, branches mutually connected with each other and to extended angles, such as narrowing the process to all summer pruning to be called. According to the pruning in the winter of summer allow more chunkiness.
Summer pruning when the fruit / leaf ratio must be observed.
Summer pruning in the goal, to provide better color of fruits, vegetative development to organize, to be done in the winter pruning to reduce transaction and my work with the skin to facilitate cultural activities.
Summer pruning of fruit trees, especially in the shaping of an important technical process needs to be done. Fruit trees, summer pruning the end of the spring and summer growth periods in the development period can be done after getting woody shoots. Generally distorts the shape on the tree, branch growth of undesirable developments, but help is at a loss by cutting out the branches can be bend or be bent. Some branches can be detained without enhanced by expanding the angles.
Branch of the eyes and 5.Elmada:
Pruning the trees on the unwanted and deformity are composed of the branches are removed. Therefore, from a brief look and it is useful to speak of exile.
5.1.Gözler:
Around with hair and scales by pointing protected from external factors are the growth points. Branches of fruit trees, leaves and flowers oluştururlar.Yaprak, shoots and flowers, as the eyes can leave.
Leaves eyes, flattened, triangular or slightly swollen, pointed, oval shapes can be. A year earlier the leaves of apple shoots occurs on the seat. Exile eye, growth points, as occurs on the long axis of the wood branch. Flower eyes, is found in the branches of fruit. Large, round, fluffy, or may be oval. Apple creates the flowers and leaves.
According to the position of the branches on the eyes; fly eyes, branch points of the growth is. Burning eyes, along the long axis of the branches occurs. Stipüler eyes, a look at the bottom of the right and left sides of two pieces. They are very small. Under pressure because they are the main eye will not take. Ecological and mechanical effects disappear when the pressure or the eyes will take the main eye is cut and mutual lasts two branches.
5.2. Branches:
According to the branches they create eye;
Branch tip: Growth of the driving point of the eye occurs. Plays an important role in shaping the tree.
Early Branch are: In the same year formed buds occurs as a result of riding in the same season. Is seen in more seedlings.
Minors are:
Glutton for Dal: Body and the elderly, sleep in the eye is composed of branches. Grows very fast as steep. Between nodes are very large, crisp body, and are less productive branches. Uses a very abundant nutrients. Shorten the life of fruit trees. Absolutely must be removed during pruning. However, broken branches, etc.. instead of bending can be made efficient.
Branch of Stipüler: Stipüler eye is composed of. Bottom left and the right of the principles of the eye in two pieces. The eye is damaged or broken is essential both eyes at stipüler lasts.
According to eye on the Properties;
Wood Disciplines: Solo wood contains the eye. Over the years, the fruit on the branches occurs. Main and auxiliary branches as leaves. Major portion of the body creates out of the crown. Branches on the main branch will help create. Between nodes is long.
Dal are mixed: both wood and fruit will keep their eyes together. Nutrition and fruit of the tree to give help.
Branches of fruit: Generally, keep eyes on the branches are the only fruit.
Pome Fruit Trees Fruit Disciplines:
1-Knob: articulation between each other is very close to the fruit branches. Height 1-2 mm. of 8 cm. ends up with his eyes değişebilir.Genellikle wood. First year they were formed on the ball at the small rosette-shaped leaves are 2-5. Depending on the kind of supply and maintenance of property in 1-10 years the fruit returns to the eye.
2-Lamburt: Knob eyes into the ends of the fruits of their eyes are built from wood. 2-3 or more branches are located on the elderly.
3-Exfoliating: Spare branches were of nutrients are stored. Occurs on the edge of the bun. On the knob, and pike can be found lamburt. Fruits, are large pouch large, is smaller than small.
4-Kargi: 5-20 cm. fruits are long branches. Those eyes are on the fruit is javelin crown. Eyes on the tip of the javelin and sometimes wood, sometimes with spines in some pear can be found. These are the fruits of the eyes to become 1-10 per year. Eyes on the wood of the javelin and lamburtlara could turn the time knob.
5-Dalcık: Kargi between branches of the wood is a branch of a fruit, fruit, resulting in eyes. In the Buddha should not be touched unless it is required. In the first year of fruit trees at the edge of fruit dalcık eyes should be taken.
6-Çıtanak: Topuz, lamburt, rubbing and consists of being a combination of javelin. Old trees are more. Trees in excess of the tree is a sign of aging. Rejuvenation pruning during a portion of them should be removed.
6.Terbiye Systems:
Dressage Leader 6.1.Merkezi System:
This type of pruning çöğür the main process, MM111, MM106, emerging as strong or semi-dwarf apple varieties are grafted on rootstocks can be applied to. Young apple trees, the easiest training system is the central leader system.
Figure 6.1.1.Tepe Draft
Planting in autumn defoliation of trees in the spring of eyes can be done in the time until I woke up.
Fruit in the garden will be planted seedlings may be branched or whip-shaped další. Planting system according to the drop point 5-10 cm soil pits on the surface of the vaccine to be toilet root seedlings are planted. If the whip in the form of seedlings after planting the seedlings Dalsi 75 cm that is shot over the hill. Hill is being shot by the reverse of the last observed point should be vaccinated. Thus, a balance in the tree is grown. If one or two old branched saplings planted side branches are left wide-angle images is to be 4-5, furious at the top of the side branches 25 cm. is shot through. 45 cm from soil level. branches are removed from the bottom up. These side branches 1 / 3 'ü the end should be cut. Distance equal to the side branches should be placed around the tree.
1.Birinci Growth Season
Figure 6.1.2
Planting the summer months following the beginning of the forming process will begin. Summer pruning begins when the exiles are 7,5-10 cm. His first job as a growing seedlings planted closest to the top of the exile leader who is selected as.
Particularly narrow angle spread of the branches with users (toothpick, pegs, bamboo, etc..) Should be extended. Seedlings planted in the summer months when a další consisting of 3-6 shoots well-majors will be selected. 5 is ideal to have one. (Figure 6.2.) If there are other interests are the exiles. Compete with leaders who are removed. Between branches as a vertical distance between 7,5-25 cm can. Thus branches to form first floor is selected. Distance between the bottom surface of the soil with branches at least 45 cm should be.
Stagnant period at the top of the first floor forming branches 50-60 cm follow-up should be shot from the top of the leader. Angles and extended side branches created 1 / 4 ü is cut. Minors below the tip of the branch leaders should be selected.
2.İkinci Growth Season
Create a second floor on the first floor should be 50-60 cm. Second floor should be as wide-angle seçilir.Dalların branches 3-5, body angle between the branches must be between 45-60o. The large ones should be narrow.
Newly created branches of the second floor in the first sub-branches of less than olmalıdır.Böylece not shaded. Main branches of the tips 1 / 3 ratio should be shortened. This type of pruning with a pyramid shape (Christmas tree) shape is obtained. Downstairs in the main branch forks, this always in the same direction should be left out, should pay attention to symmetry.
Pruning in the other year and 3.Üçüncü Track
Previous to the operation is continued. Every year, leaders from the tip of the main branch and 1 / 3 is cut. To the tree varieties, soil and climatic conditions compared to 8-12 in the main branch of a tree should be in the age of mature yield. 3 Accordingly, according to the needs Can also create a floor.
Each main branch located between 10-15 cm must be vertically. Should be expanded in terms of narrow, should be at an angle of approximately 45-60o. Dead branches, diseased and broken branches shall be trimmed is selected. Narrow and upright-growing branches, pruning in the winter will not disappear during the summer pruning are removed. Minors in exile have few side hill 1 / 3 ratio is reduced and is encouraged to exile. Central leader and rival branches of the main side branches are removed in the summer pruning. Terms of the first five years to expand the side branch angle needs to expand. Angle spread or expanded branches and fruit in subsequent years reduces the force eye development increases.
Figure 6.1.3. Yield up to the age of trees for training.
Training is applied to fruit trees lighter than when sitting, summer pruning to the minimum needs. The first step, dead, diseased and damaged branches, upright shoots are removed. To prevent ghosting and support segments forming the top of the side branches is important in creating the hit Christmas tree shape.
Grafted on the main process at the end of the season 6.1.1.Büyüme Image MM106 apple varieties in the appearance of the central leader training system.
6.2.Düşey Axis Finishing System:
Hill was then hit by Fidan Resim.6.2.1.Dikimden Support System Connecting through Kleps
In this system, a powerful leader from the ground ulterior hill until the space is allowed to grow 3-3.5 m. This is the central axis of a narrow cylinder around the branches of fruit loaded form is taking shape. From the center which was opened to the outside diameter of the branches towards the top of the tree should be reduced gradually. Side branches should be less than the thickness of the thickness of the body always follows the long upper branches shorter than higher up the little short-cone-shaped cylinder must be a way. In this system, very little binding, is tilting. Pruning operation is performed during the first 3 years. Old and older branches trimmed by cutting the two side branches can be renewed.
Mark and M 9 is recommended that the main process. Less sensitive to low temperature damage mark the main process and the M9 rootstock constitute slightly wider crown. In general, M9, M26 rootstocks and spur for types M7, MM 106 rootstocks this training method is appropriate.
M 9 on the main sequence all basics and 1.2-2 m m row spacing in the erectile 3,5-4.5. Support System, to this bamboo cane for each sapling or iron pipe support is required. They also approximately 10 cm in diameter, a tree every 7-10 masts should be erected. Most from a height of around 2.7 m from the top through a single wire if need be or the second or third wire can be passed.
Şekil.6.2.1. The vertical axis training system support system.
Support System:
Established garden with dwarf rootstocks in full, early planting of the subsequent yield can be support system should be established definitely. For this, we call each tree iron or spear cane reed (7) support is required. Each tree 7-10 thicker than 10 cm. diameter iron or wooden poles (5) are planted. My top 2.7 m. around a single wire (3) is passed. In case of need be spent in two or third wire. First direct (4) 60 with a steep slope that is examined. Wires in order to stop fixed to robust and tense. (1). Also from the first pole (4) before the wire tension to ensure that a mechanism (2) can be installed.
Buddha and the first year of planting, pruning;
Şekil.6.2.2. Hill Draft
75 cm from the hill is shot Dalsi seedlings. (Şekil.6.2.2.A) hill cut again be made. If leader development is poor hill can be cut again next year. The leading branches of branched saplings, the top 25 cm of the side branches are cut through the hills. 90-100 cm from the point of this vaccine will hit up. 1-2 If these side branches are removed. (Şekil.6.2.2.B)
Leader must be connected to planting with a heren. Angle equal to the side branches scattered around the leader should be. Branches should be at a height of 45-76 cm. 45 cm below the branches are removed.
Resim.6.2.2. Be to expand the branch angle.
Side branches should be leading with 45-60o angle. Leaders of branches and the narrow angle spread is not the appropriate body of the branches should be removed. To extend the terms of toothpicks (if small branches), some large trees emitter particles, rods or clothes pegs due to the weight of concrete can be used. (Resim.6.2.2.) Wood weights must be removed at the end of August. Minors must be in the vicinity of 45o angle. Horizontal branches with less than 45O'den fruit weight with respect to further expand. In this system, very little is binding.
Şekil.6.2.3. Use of Open Branch in Weight
Şekil.6.2.3. Finishing Techniques with the Leader of pinching
Upright-growing branches in the dormant period is subtracted. Pinching technique (hand-cut exile Fix) shot hill leading edge of new shoots of 7-10 cm can not be broken by hand and leading 2-3 exiled opponents are released. This behavior is repeated every 14 days until the end of July.
Second year pruning;
In March, a strong leader to compete with the tree branches to issue a narrow pyramidal form of protection is sought. To reduce the force less pruning should be done. Vertical shoots and branches are removed too strong. When you are cutting branches (branches that rise from the ground if required) must be quoted in part. If you do not want to go back a branch should be removed with the flat cut. Down the tree until the fruit is extremely strong Remove any branches. Summer pruning should be performed only. Fruit may remain after 2-3 apple trees. In general, in the second year to June most of the apples should be removed. Vegetative growth of fruit trees over the next slows and shortens life. 45-June the branches with the vertical angle to less 60O'e expanded. Leader in pruning after planting will be trimmed again. If growth is poor in the second year can be re-cut top. Leaders to compete with large side shoots to encourage and shape every 14 days to weaken the hand should be cut. This process begins when the shoots 7-10 cm and continues until the end of July. Planting in sufficient branching or (if less than 4) should continue the hill again.
Third year pruning
2. The same process is done in. Pinching technique from the ground to the leaders continue to be able to reach. At the top of the tree in early spring, the new angle of the branches are expanded. To bring the appropriate shape. Leaders directly connects to. In mid-June until the leader should be 240 cm length. Dilution can be done segments. Teeth should be cut. Until the fruit trees produce more fruit and branches in particular bottom to the head should not be diluted. Should not forget to check the growth of the fruit. Pruning is done to encourage growth. Touch each other during the stagnant branches of neighboring trees are trimmed. 2 and older than the pyramids in the form of branches to do less to make a strong side branches should be cut back. An old branches should not be cut, this event encourages excessive growth. In this system, until the fruit on the tree and hills and leaders should be shot down with fruit weight are taken.
Şekil.6.2.4. Şekil.6.2.5.
Efficiency in the age of pruning;
Vertical axis of the system efficiency in the age of orchard trees is around 300 cm height. This is the height of the tree in one of 2 ways to apply leadership.
1-wire to the other side the top branches can be twisted.
2-two old branches are trimmed back up on the weaker side branch.
Şekil.6.2.6. Draft hill.
(A) the appropriate height of the tree when it comes to the central leader should be bent and must be connected directly to
(B) width to create a leader through a weak side branches should be cut back.
Vertical axis system, the bottom branches are permanent, but two old or older branches with pruning cut periodically shortened. Higher parts of the tree to protect and narrow shape to create a new branch cut should be made closer to the leader. The branches should be removed to another branch of the shadows.
Ages of the trees in Şekil.7.Verim view.
6.3. Spindle shape Finishing System:
This system is used in ecology is relatively little of the sun. Within the limited space allocated for the tree to maintain cone shape toward the following majors in the body to constantly pruning abbreviation, in the upper branches of renewal pruning is done. Trees to slow down the development of powerful exiles is important to ensure low levels of development. Tree height and crown width of 2.10m usually between 0,9-1,5 m. Widely in a single row spacing during 3-3,5 m and order as the distance 0,9-1,5 m is applied.
Generally, M9, P22, Bud 9, P1, P2, are used in Fulueren 56 rootstocks.
a) Planting in Year:
Seedlings can be supplied as branched or další. Usually branched seedlings are preferred because they yield more branched seedlings early lies, shaping is relatively easy compared to seedlings další.
Planting the seedlings will be performed in Dalsi 75 cm. den, the upper branch of the branch 25 cm. over (about 85 cm.) hill is shot. Soil from 40 cm. 'Are removed from the bottom up to the branches.
b) Year 1:
Leaders from this year-end segment of the branch is not made, is deducted from stagnant period and up through a weak branches are connected. To be made each year as a result of such leaders as cutting a zig-zag growth can be ensured. Thus, the rule of leaders under pressure shall be kept and strengthened the young branches is possible. Soil from 40 cm. are removed from branches at the bottom.
After walking the tree branch next to the body of water to make a wide angle are bent or have been attached. Development to be erected at the bottom of those who bowed out of the stagnant period are. Cutting edge of the side branches certainly be made.
c) 2-Year 3:
The same method is applied in the training branch leader. If the tree shows very strong growth over the leader 2 years branch may be shortened.
Minors will be made strictly in the cutting edge, the angle of branches are expanded. If you have to be bowed upright growing branches are removed from the bottom of stagnant period. Distorts the shape of the tree growth showed excessive and often are composed of the acronym is not made in this branch is removed from the bottom branches.
d) 4.ve later years:
This system is shown in front of the tree height 2,1-2,5 m. dir. Shading reduced fruit quality due to this level when it comes to the tree height is a weak leader in the field will be cut back every year through. Likewise, the side branches, the tree if they exceed the allotted living space with cutting back is necessary to keep this secret within.
Formed at the bottom of the crown is removed from the bottom branches because these branches is close to the soil in which fruit is of poor quality.
Very strong growth in cases where the top parts of the tree pruning should be performed in the summer.
After the buds burst and a strong upright growing branches should bend with the help of toothpicks. Very powerful and advanced upright shoots should be removed from the bottom of stagnant period.
Rejuvenation pruning of new shoots out creating a short body is provided.
Disinfection of Vehicles 7.Budama of:
While we use pruning tools are not disinfected if the tree from the tree, from the garden to the garden can play a role in transmission of disease. Disinfection of pruning tools with very simple methods can be provided. Sodium is known as bleach for this job hypoklorid most practical solution is used. In this mixture we use the pruning shears, saws, etc.. passing from one to another as a garden or diseased trees, pruning after the suspect must be cleaned. Thus, trees and other areas of transmission of disease is prevented
Be done to wound 8.Budama Transactions:
Strong growing trees than those with poorly developed wound turn it off more quickly. Wounds, are treated with one of the toothpaste or other disinfectants.
Well-cut and quick-closing 5 cm. from small wounds may not need to take toothpaste.
Pastes are prepared to take wounds as follows; 200 g. in melted butter. Then, 200 g. wax, 200 g. resin and 100 g. pitch participate. Be prepared in solution from the fire. When it comes slowly up into 45 oC'ye alcohol are mixed. Began to swell mixing alcohol may be terminated. Jar is filled with the prepared paste before it gets cold.
To be done now 9.Budama Transactions:
Pruning now over, disease and pests are established for the barracks environment next year constitutes the source of the infection. Pruning of leaves in the garden waste and collected and burned as a result of diseases and pests of next year will cause a decrease in terms of source of infection. For example, apple farming is an important apple pests founded in mature larvae, printers, insects, red spider, etc. minor. winter pruning residues, spills, etc. at the bottom of leaves. environments spend.
