1.Introduction
Earth for the most favorable climate zone located on the vineyard, Turkey to be suspended, as well as the gene center, extremely old and has a deep-rooted culture of viticulture. Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean regions and the most grape-producing region, the country has a share in the production of approximately 10%.
Our products are exported from our country with a high nutritional value of grapes and, according to surveys A, B, B2 and vitamin C are. Consumption of table grapes dried out, wine, and canned şıralık every month of the year as it can be consumed nutrition is used. In recent years, the grape leaf export income is obtained. Therefore, one of the biggest investment in our country of the Southeast Anatolia Project in our area due to take place, as in all matters in viticulture and develop the techniques to work has been started.
2. CLIMATE AND SOIL REQUEST
2.1 Climate Request
Basic condition of success in viticulture will be established ties with the area's climate and soil factors, many of the vine is to ensure a good match from within. Therefore a plant while connecting to the climate, soil, position - of course, elements such as choice of rootstocks and varieties is necessary to study thoroughly.
The long development cycle vine is a plant. Average daily temperature begins to develop and 10oC yi finds the average temperature in the fall to the bottom of this as development continues until the fall. Each grape type fruits ripen in a good shape for a particular temperature indicates a total need. Ties will be established at least 1600 of the region's total years of active temperature rating must oC. To make profitable viticulture, the annual average temperature hottest month average of 9-21 and 17-20 oC oC should be. Suspended for the development of a vegetation Candolle in 2900 oC temperature circuit is reported in total need. Full bloom in early maturing varieties from the period 1600-2000 until maturity oC, 3000 oC the late mature or more total temperature is needed.
Go deeper roots of the vine than other plants because of low rainfall areas where you can train. Besides the annual rainfall, rainfall distribution is very important in terms of viticulture.
In winter and spring rains falling in the beginning is very useful for hanging. In the period since the end of the spring and summer rainfall, especially in the continuing increase of diseases caused by fungi that creates problems in terms of viticulture.
Climatic factors in viticulture is very important. If a place of exile, riding to the time of the spring freeze and Omca persists, green parts, -1, -2 o C below the heat will damage ties will be damaged. In autumn, the early wood portion of the frozen barrier as young Omca establishment of good wood causes.
There are many effects of wind ties. Other climate factors are available to protect against the condition that places the wind is more favorable to vine.
Based on observations of many years in the Southeastern Anatolia Region is desired levels of bond request climate, spring and late autumn frost in the vineyard region can be said not created a problem.
2.2 Land Request
Vine is a plant that roots go deep. This is why I like soft-textured soil. Bonds summer dry or less rainy areas is the best developed soil depth and water holding capacity bond is high is requested. Soil structure, root development after becoming available, even in poor soil grows. On their own roots growing vine is native lime in the soil are tolerated quite a lot. However, the main process should be used if the American vine, the soil must be careful in selecting.
Our region, as water passes under the condition of the clay soil is very fertile and is suitable for viticulture. Tin with soil is moderate in terms of quality viticulture, but the soil is rich in nutrients for a quantitative viticulture.
Calcareous soils, red wine grape varieties are the beloved land. However, some American grapevine rootstocks and does not grow. Humus soil despite the lack of significance in terms of the vineyard land in a good bond is desirable to have 5-10% of the hummus.
3. CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Types
Constitute a significant problem in our region is phylloxera region and the region's climate and soil conditions to comply with the rootstock varieties to choose to pay particular attention should be able to match. For early varieties of hybrid Berlandieri X Riparia Koker 5BB, 420 can be chosen as A and 5C rootstock. This high percentage of lime rootstocks and are durable enough level in the Nematoda. Mid-season, especially late maturing varieties for resistance to the lime is high, nematodlara sufficient strength and strong development capability Berlandieri X rupestris hybrids of 99 R, 1103 P and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks and, salinity problems where the hybrid Solonis X Riparis as 1616 C as rootstock be selected is appropriate.
Types of advise, while the first region's climate and grapes, which is common forms of assessment must take into consideration. Our region in the first degree is suitable for growing table grapes and dried grapes. Has advantages in terms of earliness of the area taken into consideration if, is of great importance to early table grapes. Table of cultivars with large clusters, large-grained and is resistant to transportation, plenty of şıralık sequential and aromatic, the soft texture of dried, drying is an ideal place to be and usually seedless.
GAP / BKİB 'According to the Agricultural Research Institute with Koruk Sanliurfa in the wet conditions, high yield varieties of table grapes and wine grapes to the effect of yield and quality of research has been done. As a result of research, of varieties of table grapes, Perlette, Cardinal, M. Rein de Vigne, Pans Perecoce, hamburg marbles, the Italian and, of varieties of wine that black cock, bubble, Carignane and viticulture in the region there is hope Öküzgözü varieties were found to be. As irrigation, drip irrigation is preferred if the increase in yield and quality were observed.
Sanliurfa Rural Services Research Institute by our Harran Plain in wet conditions and high training system can be grown in fertile and high-quality bond types to determine the purpose of study Periette (21.840 kg / da), Italia (19.815 kg / da), Hammer of land (15.302 kg / da) , Punch Precoce (15.135 kg / da), Cardinal (12.135 kğ / da) the highest average yield varieties that have been kind. Yield and quality when considering the elements and Italia varieties Perlette Harran Plain has been recommended for irrigated conditions.
The region's most early type Thannebi Although fertilization of the problem is, the fruit tannin ratio is high, such as adverse conditions taken into consideration in the region, very early seedless, high yield, resistant to transport and quality of the Derlette types as well as Muscat Punch Rein Preços de Vigne, Cardinal, Perle Csaba is appropriate to bring up the early table varieties.
In addition to fruit earliness, late in the turfandacılık taking into account the large gains, high yield and quality of Italia despite temporary variations due to be grown in this region may be recommended. Besides Hönüsü, Kizlar, Dökülgen, Azeri and the place to be kind Çilorez
Types of trimming, to wake up, time to maturity, etc. ties that differ from such care, harvest and grapes are very difficult to evaluate. Therefore, the number of varieties will be made tortoise shell should be kept to a minimum the number of one or two not exceed recommended.
3.2 Soil Preparation
Once you have selected in the preparation of the soil bond transactions takes place. If you have terrain, large rocks, trees and shrubs are cleared. For the uniform and proper upright Omca hump is corrected, land leveling is done by filling out the pits. Holding areas for excess water drainage measures are taken.
Conditions vary according to the economic life of vine maintenance but is above 40 years. Therefore, the end of life will remain in place until it was planted, plants should be very rigorous. The bond that is not well prepared ground facilities can not develop good, life is short, and will yield less and more easily caught diseases.
The new bonds will be installed on site, no one on the ground will not work if the job should be a good area. If the soil of a former bond area a few years, green manure and fertilizer should be plenty of rest.
Vine can grow a good root to go to the deep, in soil is dependent on well-developed. Development is related to soil structure. Very deep roots in the sandy soil with ting expenses. Hard to go deep roots in the soil showing the structure is limited. This type of soil is essential krizma yapilmasi. More particularly to a new vineyard in the business krizma is necessary to give importance. Because it is used in the new vineyard of the American vine rootstock roots, they are very strong and rapid growth of the soil should be loose and have tea. Asma and some ties from the time before the development of not drying, which must be krizmanın not made or yüzlek is due.
Krizma, vineyard soil at a depth of at least 40 cm is to work. This process is done today with krizma plow. Krizma of plow, high-horsepower tractor is pulled to 40-50 cm depth and soil is processed. Autumn is the time Krizmanın made. Should be done with the premature end Krizma and krizmanın between vine planting saplings must be at least 6-8 weeks time.
3.3 Planting
In autumn, after being corrected in the spring krizma made land, animal or machine can be processed with the power and range in length of the pit opens. Our region is a hot climate to reduce sun damage in order to make the east-west direction, the steep slope land should be. So far, trials of the new facility will be over in the vineyards during 1,5-2 m. row of 2,5-3 m. should be revealed.
Places marked two shovel deep, wide hole opens a shovel. Be done with the machine is more advantageous to open pit. The burnt bottom of the pit to the farm yard manure, mixed with earth must be thin. Pruning of young trees for planting is done. Yan and throat roots completely, only 10 cm over the bottom roots are cut all around. Formed the most powerful exile is dropped. Rooted in the Buddha bar or radically grounded grafted seedlings, the drop in the center of the pit is placed next to, the body of the seedlings at least 10-15 cm.i will remain on the ground hole to drop to 10-15 cm thick soil air taken after the seedlings to not be compressed. Then, water is life, and replace certain seedlings to be planted next to a heren.
Planting is done sterile cultivars (intersexual morphological, physiological female) should not be planted as pure. Because this kind of capability is no fertilization of the pollen dust. For this purpose, a planting plan, paternity or two rows of eight Omca erect a user through fertilization should be done.
Used only as a kind of parental flowering dates of the same date coincided with variations must be fertilized.
Viticulture is standard in sewing patterns. These are;
a. Square planting: People with the power of soil processed, weak, and short to ground has been planted in varieties like pruning is applied. In this way, planting distance of 1-2 m. dir.
b. Rectangular planting: High-established training systems and the bond is issued to. In this way, bonds are made with the processing of animal or mechanical power. Place on the narrow, while wide is maintained during the search. Place them between 1-2 m, a 2-3 m between the row and change.
c. Triangular planting: The planting every three sides are equal to each other. Over a Hexagonal shape consists Omca combined is a difficult form of planting. More small business apply.
3.4 Fertilization
Accurate, balanced and timely product quantity and quality of the vineyard fertilization increases and the vineyards of disease, pests, frost resistance also boosts. Therefore, a good improvement in the vineyards and products to get enough nutrients from the soil removed again, it is necessary to be added to the soil.
In general, the soils poor in organic matter ties are established. Therefore, the importance of ties are more fertilizer for the farm. However, farm manure nutrients suspended all commercial fertilizers to meet the need not to be used.
Ties will be given to many factors, depending on the determination of the amount of fertilizer and some tests require advance is a process. Needed in each region even every bağda amount of minerals and organic matter to be determined separately and then compared it to fertilization is the most accurate way. Our region for our recommended amount of fertilizer as a pure substance in dry conditions for local bonds 10 kg / da nitrogen, 8 kg / da phosphorus, wet conditions for cultural ties, 14 kg / da nitrogen, 9 kg / da is phosphorus.
Phosphorous fertilizers with farm yard manure during fall tillage between the given sequence is provided in soil mix. The most appropriate given the ties of nitrogen fertilizer in spring to be the first time just before tillage months are February-March. If desired the second half of nitrogen fertilizer can be given the months of April-May.
3.5 Irrigation
Bond issue of irrigation, especially in our country due to widespread use of irrigation systems increasingly are gaining in importance. Suspended for the growth and development, the amount of water in the soil above the permanent wilting point should be.
Rapid development cycle of the vine which the months of May and June, with the bunch of time I fall (July) in the root zone does not have sufficient water slow development of Omca cases, the leaves shriveled up and solar colors.
Normally can not receive them in clusters of bigness and color becomes dull, the sun burns on them increases. When faced with such situations should be understood that the bonds of water needs.
Winter rains are normally held by the soil water has fallen ties to the development of the spring is enough. The base of irrigation facilities, irrigation and irrigation in vineyards twice the pan when it comes tillage gives very good results. In the case of a dry winter, wake up before it connects whether the water would be appropriate then tillage canceled.
Scarcity of water resources in our region have the required bonds and slope areas due to the prejudices of the people as well as irrigation is not done in the vineyards can be seen. However, the new vineyards planted in the irrigation is done 2-3 times per year was observed. However, in the Southeastern Anatolia Project is located in our region is thought to be dry in spring and summer watering ties will be understood that the compulsory. Therefore, especially June, July and August 3-6 times depending on climatic conditions are suitable for irrigation be done.
Immediately after the bloom in the vineyards and grain at the start of the fall, I need to pay particular attention to watering. And wine in the vineyards of the dried fruits mature 3-4 weeks before becoming irrigation should be discontinued.
The amount of water will be tortoiseshell climate, soil, and varies according to variety. 60-70 cm of soil from the top portion should be fed into the water. Once you understand this, the irrigation should be dipped into an iron bar and comfortably progress through the soil water depth should be regarded as processing level. With water by filling the position of the furrow to the end to reach the water will also give you the amount of water is used as a measure of the adequacy of the determination.
Furrow irrigation methods in the vineyards in our country are mostly. However, in recent years, ties with the method of drip irrigation and irrigation Sprink has gained importance.
3.6 Maintenance
3.6.1 Soil Tillage
Culture plants in cultivation of most wanted is a vine plant. Annual rainfall is low, this sum of money with high temperatures in the region should be given necessary importance to cultivation. In autumn, after defoliation, pruning to be done before weeds with tillage and winter rain in the struggle is more effective in collecting the soil. Then, one after pruning and a late spring freeze after their cultivation of the soil to be done to be aired and provides protection of the water in the soil. In the meantime, the throat opening and throat anchor roots cleaning maintenance are also important. Also be done after the soil tillage and connect them to the anchor is useful. The spring and summer weeds in the vineyards for 2-4 anchors are sufficient.
3.6.2 Pruning
Who want more knowledge and skills of vine trimming is a technical job. Therefore, the physiology of the vine, and pruning is necessary to know the basics. Otherwise, the quality of the grapes are reduced, productivity is decreasing.
Ecological and cultural factors as reasons based on pruning in one year, on exile, grape varieties according to the productive place of eyes with known conditions can remove much of the fertile vine bar (eye) to leave and cut the bars is unnecessary.
Our region in the form of bonds in general mixed pruning pruning as being non-uniform shape and resembles tapestry. Pruning time as the illicit practice is common in the fall pruning is done. January-February pruning in our region, even in the months of March to make is appropriate.
Pruning in terms of shape and a higher yield and quality to be achieved, and especially in terms of preventing pilling 5-8 eye down over the channel length possible to provide a mixed wired pruning the training of 60-80 cm body height with a "guyot system" or "guyot + T "the implementation of the training method is recommended.
3.7 Bonding Diseases, Pests and the Struggle
Ties Diseases and the Struggle for
Ties to Ash (Uncinula Necator): Arid regions are more common. Omca in all green organs (leaves, stalks, shoots, and grain clusters) can be seen. Leaves can be infected when very young, but the symptoms manifest themselves after the leaves are growing. Infected normal green color of the leaves before it loses, the upper and lower leaf surfaces, off-white color will look like in the ashes scattered to the edges of the leaf curl and lose their normal shape. Disease on the bars in places appears gray spots. Fruits fall to the time I can be infected and sick crack and small grains remain.
Flowers and leaves reduced disease products, clusters of the quality of the product to fall ill, the winter cold bars of ill cause damage.
Struggle:
Cultural Measures: The disease seen in places shells must be cleaned before bonding exile of the disease in case of infection of 3-4% slurry sprayed burgundy luxury, efficiency should be done to influence the degree of short pruning.
Chemical Challenge: One year ago the fight against the disease are seen on the floor. Of the disease seen in places must be made each year of struggle. Symptoms of the disease and being able to see spring shoots are 20-40 cm long when the first starts to drugs. According to the types and conditions of 3-5 drugs are made. Medicine used against a classic and economic ties mildew kükürt'tür dust.
Disinfection Times:
1. Disinfection: Flowers before shoots 20-40 cm long, 1,5-2 kg or 3-4 kg of pure sulfur from decare sulfur bonds is used.
2. Disinfection: the end of flowering when the clusters connect them decare from 3-4 kg or 6-8 kg of pure sulfur sulfur bond is used.
3. Disinfection: The second medication after 15 days from when the questions include the absurd enormity decare from pure sulfur sulfur bond is used 4.5-5 kg or 7-10 kg.
4. Disinfection: after 15 days from the last medication decare 4.5 kg of pure sulfur or sulfur bonds of 7-10 kg is thrown.
Powdered sulfur can be wet, except sulfur needed for powder preparations can be used against the disease.
Ties Mildiyösü (Plasmopara Viticola): Diseases of Omca are all green parts. leaves in the spring in the form of oil stains stains occur, then the oil stains under the white velvet cover that occurs sporangisporlardır them. Who suffer from infections grape brown bark becomes wrinkled and takes the appearance of leather.
Occurring in sub-clusters that cover the leaves in the later part of the green shoots and green in the entire visible Omca. If the weather is hot and rainless while the cover turns brown. Are completely dry after a while diseased clusters. None of the products will not be Omca more ill. Patient leaves are shed and rods remain bare. A year passed a Omca two years mildiyö disease itself can not be recovered.
Struggle:
Cultural Measures: Mushrooms of the sport because of the fact at the bottom of Omca a year earlier at the start of spring leaves must be collected and burned.
Chemical Challenge: Mildiyö'ye used against drugs and disease protective effect of the stopper is similar to the oil stains on the leaves of young shoots of jaundice is seen to be seen immediately, the drug should be discarded. Epidemic in the years to every 15 days for at least three drugs should be made. In combating the so-called slurry Mildiyö burgundy, blue vitriol, and that half of medicines prepared by mixing unslaked lime is the most effective way. Ready to be used in copper preparations.
Disinfection Times:
1. Disinfection: the exile of 25-30 cm is 0.75% increase dose
2. Disinfection: after flowering 1% dose
3. Disinfection: Koruk of the absurd when the enormity 1.5% increase is applied dose. After the rains of drugs if drugs are repeated. Dry weather goes to the last two do not need drugs.
Ties Antrakozu: Diseases of the green vine which is seen in every organ. Patients will be deformed leaves, clusters of grains is silk, the grain on the dark brown, medium gray spots and cracks, cracking can be seen in summer in the middle of the grain.
Struggle;
Cultural Measures: Pathojen micelle in the barracks for the winter pruning is performed on the bars Antrakoz stains should be carefully trimmed and destroyed.
Chemical Challenge: Bonding after pruning, yet awakened from the eyes with dark red slurry is made winters of drugs.
To avoid contamination from rainfall could bring a new dark red slurry is useful to continue with the old drugs.
Vineyard Pests
Phylloxera vineyards: A variety of aphid and the American vine roots and leaves in both local as the root form is in. Living in the root forms in the winter vine Nymph is spent on the main stem.
Absorbed through the roots of phylloxera Omca damage. Root tip as a result of absorption in the abnormal growth of roots exposed. Also, is still in exile, between nodes is shorter, the leaves are smaller and ultimately Omca dry.
Struggle for cultural measures are performed. Phylloxera in any way with those dishes should not be bar, dishwashing areas and links to be established should be vaccinated on American vine rootstock, rootstock should be clean and disinfected if necessary, with rods karbonsülfür.
Clusters Moth: Ergin butterfly larvae in the period of the destruction of the bonds would be harmful. Brown upper wings of butterflies, gray. Eggs are very small, and adults out in May and put their eggs in clusters.
The most effective moth damage, and in particular clusters of ripe grain and protect the places and decay lead to del olurlar.
To prevent damage from moths lay their eggs must be destroyed. More damage in this period has increased from flower to the fight circuit should be started 15-20 days intervals of 3-4 drugs should be made.
Bonding Eye Kurdu: Bonding eyes wake up in the spring eye formed larvae before they climb toward the barracks where they observed in. Eye of the inside of the eye to die by eating and therefore prevents the opening of. Looks like a tortoise shell look like when frost hit.
Cultural struggle, observed bond formed in the winter larvae entering spring Omca is spent on the bar, cut rods should be destroyed. In addition, the bonds are harmful to vineyards wolf eyes the second half of March can be kept under observation from a 1-2 larvae detected Omca should be medicated to the fight.
Earth for the most favorable climate zone located on the vineyard, Turkey to be suspended, as well as the gene center, extremely old and has a deep-rooted culture of viticulture. Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean regions and the most grape-producing region, the country has a share in the production of approximately 10%.
Our products are exported from our country with a high nutritional value of grapes and, according to surveys A, B, B2 and vitamin C are. Consumption of table grapes dried out, wine, and canned şıralık every month of the year as it can be consumed nutrition is used. In recent years, the grape leaf export income is obtained. Therefore, one of the biggest investment in our country of the Southeast Anatolia Project in our area due to take place, as in all matters in viticulture and develop the techniques to work has been started.
2. CLIMATE AND SOIL REQUEST
2.1 Climate Request
Basic condition of success in viticulture will be established ties with the area's climate and soil factors, many of the vine is to ensure a good match from within. Therefore a plant while connecting to the climate, soil, position - of course, elements such as choice of rootstocks and varieties is necessary to study thoroughly.
The long development cycle vine is a plant. Average daily temperature begins to develop and 10oC yi finds the average temperature in the fall to the bottom of this as development continues until the fall. Each grape type fruits ripen in a good shape for a particular temperature indicates a total need. Ties will be established at least 1600 of the region's total years of active temperature rating must oC. To make profitable viticulture, the annual average temperature hottest month average of 9-21 and 17-20 oC oC should be. Suspended for the development of a vegetation Candolle in 2900 oC temperature circuit is reported in total need. Full bloom in early maturing varieties from the period 1600-2000 until maturity oC, 3000 oC the late mature or more total temperature is needed.
Go deeper roots of the vine than other plants because of low rainfall areas where you can train. Besides the annual rainfall, rainfall distribution is very important in terms of viticulture.
In winter and spring rains falling in the beginning is very useful for hanging. In the period since the end of the spring and summer rainfall, especially in the continuing increase of diseases caused by fungi that creates problems in terms of viticulture.
Climatic factors in viticulture is very important. If a place of exile, riding to the time of the spring freeze and Omca persists, green parts, -1, -2 o C below the heat will damage ties will be damaged. In autumn, the early wood portion of the frozen barrier as young Omca establishment of good wood causes.
There are many effects of wind ties. Other climate factors are available to protect against the condition that places the wind is more favorable to vine.
Based on observations of many years in the Southeastern Anatolia Region is desired levels of bond request climate, spring and late autumn frost in the vineyard region can be said not created a problem.
2.2 Land Request
Vine is a plant that roots go deep. This is why I like soft-textured soil. Bonds summer dry or less rainy areas is the best developed soil depth and water holding capacity bond is high is requested. Soil structure, root development after becoming available, even in poor soil grows. On their own roots growing vine is native lime in the soil are tolerated quite a lot. However, the main process should be used if the American vine, the soil must be careful in selecting.
Our region, as water passes under the condition of the clay soil is very fertile and is suitable for viticulture. Tin with soil is moderate in terms of quality viticulture, but the soil is rich in nutrients for a quantitative viticulture.
Calcareous soils, red wine grape varieties are the beloved land. However, some American grapevine rootstocks and does not grow. Humus soil despite the lack of significance in terms of the vineyard land in a good bond is desirable to have 5-10% of the hummus.
3. CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Types
Constitute a significant problem in our region is phylloxera region and the region's climate and soil conditions to comply with the rootstock varieties to choose to pay particular attention should be able to match. For early varieties of hybrid Berlandieri X Riparia Koker 5BB, 420 can be chosen as A and 5C rootstock. This high percentage of lime rootstocks and are durable enough level in the Nematoda. Mid-season, especially late maturing varieties for resistance to the lime is high, nematodlara sufficient strength and strong development capability Berlandieri X rupestris hybrids of 99 R, 1103 P and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks and, salinity problems where the hybrid Solonis X Riparis as 1616 C as rootstock be selected is appropriate.
Types of advise, while the first region's climate and grapes, which is common forms of assessment must take into consideration. Our region in the first degree is suitable for growing table grapes and dried grapes. Has advantages in terms of earliness of the area taken into consideration if, is of great importance to early table grapes. Table of cultivars with large clusters, large-grained and is resistant to transportation, plenty of şıralık sequential and aromatic, the soft texture of dried, drying is an ideal place to be and usually seedless.
GAP / BKİB 'According to the Agricultural Research Institute with Koruk Sanliurfa in the wet conditions, high yield varieties of table grapes and wine grapes to the effect of yield and quality of research has been done. As a result of research, of varieties of table grapes, Perlette, Cardinal, M. Rein de Vigne, Pans Perecoce, hamburg marbles, the Italian and, of varieties of wine that black cock, bubble, Carignane and viticulture in the region there is hope Öküzgözü varieties were found to be. As irrigation, drip irrigation is preferred if the increase in yield and quality were observed.
Sanliurfa Rural Services Research Institute by our Harran Plain in wet conditions and high training system can be grown in fertile and high-quality bond types to determine the purpose of study Periette (21.840 kg / da), Italia (19.815 kg / da), Hammer of land (15.302 kg / da) , Punch Precoce (15.135 kg / da), Cardinal (12.135 kğ / da) the highest average yield varieties that have been kind. Yield and quality when considering the elements and Italia varieties Perlette Harran Plain has been recommended for irrigated conditions.
The region's most early type Thannebi Although fertilization of the problem is, the fruit tannin ratio is high, such as adverse conditions taken into consideration in the region, very early seedless, high yield, resistant to transport and quality of the Derlette types as well as Muscat Punch Rein Preços de Vigne, Cardinal, Perle Csaba is appropriate to bring up the early table varieties.
In addition to fruit earliness, late in the turfandacılık taking into account the large gains, high yield and quality of Italia despite temporary variations due to be grown in this region may be recommended. Besides Hönüsü, Kizlar, Dökülgen, Azeri and the place to be kind Çilorez
Types of trimming, to wake up, time to maturity, etc. ties that differ from such care, harvest and grapes are very difficult to evaluate. Therefore, the number of varieties will be made tortoise shell should be kept to a minimum the number of one or two not exceed recommended.
3.2 Soil Preparation
Once you have selected in the preparation of the soil bond transactions takes place. If you have terrain, large rocks, trees and shrubs are cleared. For the uniform and proper upright Omca hump is corrected, land leveling is done by filling out the pits. Holding areas for excess water drainage measures are taken.
Conditions vary according to the economic life of vine maintenance but is above 40 years. Therefore, the end of life will remain in place until it was planted, plants should be very rigorous. The bond that is not well prepared ground facilities can not develop good, life is short, and will yield less and more easily caught diseases.
The new bonds will be installed on site, no one on the ground will not work if the job should be a good area. If the soil of a former bond area a few years, green manure and fertilizer should be plenty of rest.
Vine can grow a good root to go to the deep, in soil is dependent on well-developed. Development is related to soil structure. Very deep roots in the sandy soil with ting expenses. Hard to go deep roots in the soil showing the structure is limited. This type of soil is essential krizma yapilmasi. More particularly to a new vineyard in the business krizma is necessary to give importance. Because it is used in the new vineyard of the American vine rootstock roots, they are very strong and rapid growth of the soil should be loose and have tea. Asma and some ties from the time before the development of not drying, which must be krizmanın not made or yüzlek is due.
Krizma, vineyard soil at a depth of at least 40 cm is to work. This process is done today with krizma plow. Krizma of plow, high-horsepower tractor is pulled to 40-50 cm depth and soil is processed. Autumn is the time Krizmanın made. Should be done with the premature end Krizma and krizmanın between vine planting saplings must be at least 6-8 weeks time.
3.3 Planting
In autumn, after being corrected in the spring krizma made land, animal or machine can be processed with the power and range in length of the pit opens. Our region is a hot climate to reduce sun damage in order to make the east-west direction, the steep slope land should be. So far, trials of the new facility will be over in the vineyards during 1,5-2 m. row of 2,5-3 m. should be revealed.
Places marked two shovel deep, wide hole opens a shovel. Be done with the machine is more advantageous to open pit. The burnt bottom of the pit to the farm yard manure, mixed with earth must be thin. Pruning of young trees for planting is done. Yan and throat roots completely, only 10 cm over the bottom roots are cut all around. Formed the most powerful exile is dropped. Rooted in the Buddha bar or radically grounded grafted seedlings, the drop in the center of the pit is placed next to, the body of the seedlings at least 10-15 cm.i will remain on the ground hole to drop to 10-15 cm thick soil air taken after the seedlings to not be compressed. Then, water is life, and replace certain seedlings to be planted next to a heren.
Planting is done sterile cultivars (intersexual morphological, physiological female) should not be planted as pure. Because this kind of capability is no fertilization of the pollen dust. For this purpose, a planting plan, paternity or two rows of eight Omca erect a user through fertilization should be done.
Used only as a kind of parental flowering dates of the same date coincided with variations must be fertilized.
Viticulture is standard in sewing patterns. These are;
a. Square planting: People with the power of soil processed, weak, and short to ground has been planted in varieties like pruning is applied. In this way, planting distance of 1-2 m. dir.
b. Rectangular planting: High-established training systems and the bond is issued to. In this way, bonds are made with the processing of animal or mechanical power. Place on the narrow, while wide is maintained during the search. Place them between 1-2 m, a 2-3 m between the row and change.
c. Triangular planting: The planting every three sides are equal to each other. Over a Hexagonal shape consists Omca combined is a difficult form of planting. More small business apply.
3.4 Fertilization
Accurate, balanced and timely product quantity and quality of the vineyard fertilization increases and the vineyards of disease, pests, frost resistance also boosts. Therefore, a good improvement in the vineyards and products to get enough nutrients from the soil removed again, it is necessary to be added to the soil.
In general, the soils poor in organic matter ties are established. Therefore, the importance of ties are more fertilizer for the farm. However, farm manure nutrients suspended all commercial fertilizers to meet the need not to be used.
Ties will be given to many factors, depending on the determination of the amount of fertilizer and some tests require advance is a process. Needed in each region even every bağda amount of minerals and organic matter to be determined separately and then compared it to fertilization is the most accurate way. Our region for our recommended amount of fertilizer as a pure substance in dry conditions for local bonds 10 kg / da nitrogen, 8 kg / da phosphorus, wet conditions for cultural ties, 14 kg / da nitrogen, 9 kg / da is phosphorus.
Phosphorous fertilizers with farm yard manure during fall tillage between the given sequence is provided in soil mix. The most appropriate given the ties of nitrogen fertilizer in spring to be the first time just before tillage months are February-March. If desired the second half of nitrogen fertilizer can be given the months of April-May.
3.5 Irrigation
Bond issue of irrigation, especially in our country due to widespread use of irrigation systems increasingly are gaining in importance. Suspended for the growth and development, the amount of water in the soil above the permanent wilting point should be.
Rapid development cycle of the vine which the months of May and June, with the bunch of time I fall (July) in the root zone does not have sufficient water slow development of Omca cases, the leaves shriveled up and solar colors.
Normally can not receive them in clusters of bigness and color becomes dull, the sun burns on them increases. When faced with such situations should be understood that the bonds of water needs.
Winter rains are normally held by the soil water has fallen ties to the development of the spring is enough. The base of irrigation facilities, irrigation and irrigation in vineyards twice the pan when it comes tillage gives very good results. In the case of a dry winter, wake up before it connects whether the water would be appropriate then tillage canceled.
Scarcity of water resources in our region have the required bonds and slope areas due to the prejudices of the people as well as irrigation is not done in the vineyards can be seen. However, the new vineyards planted in the irrigation is done 2-3 times per year was observed. However, in the Southeastern Anatolia Project is located in our region is thought to be dry in spring and summer watering ties will be understood that the compulsory. Therefore, especially June, July and August 3-6 times depending on climatic conditions are suitable for irrigation be done.
Immediately after the bloom in the vineyards and grain at the start of the fall, I need to pay particular attention to watering. And wine in the vineyards of the dried fruits mature 3-4 weeks before becoming irrigation should be discontinued.
The amount of water will be tortoiseshell climate, soil, and varies according to variety. 60-70 cm of soil from the top portion should be fed into the water. Once you understand this, the irrigation should be dipped into an iron bar and comfortably progress through the soil water depth should be regarded as processing level. With water by filling the position of the furrow to the end to reach the water will also give you the amount of water is used as a measure of the adequacy of the determination.
Furrow irrigation methods in the vineyards in our country are mostly. However, in recent years, ties with the method of drip irrigation and irrigation Sprink has gained importance.
3.6 Maintenance
3.6.1 Soil Tillage
Culture plants in cultivation of most wanted is a vine plant. Annual rainfall is low, this sum of money with high temperatures in the region should be given necessary importance to cultivation. In autumn, after defoliation, pruning to be done before weeds with tillage and winter rain in the struggle is more effective in collecting the soil. Then, one after pruning and a late spring freeze after their cultivation of the soil to be done to be aired and provides protection of the water in the soil. In the meantime, the throat opening and throat anchor roots cleaning maintenance are also important. Also be done after the soil tillage and connect them to the anchor is useful. The spring and summer weeds in the vineyards for 2-4 anchors are sufficient.
3.6.2 Pruning
Who want more knowledge and skills of vine trimming is a technical job. Therefore, the physiology of the vine, and pruning is necessary to know the basics. Otherwise, the quality of the grapes are reduced, productivity is decreasing.
Ecological and cultural factors as reasons based on pruning in one year, on exile, grape varieties according to the productive place of eyes with known conditions can remove much of the fertile vine bar (eye) to leave and cut the bars is unnecessary.
Our region in the form of bonds in general mixed pruning pruning as being non-uniform shape and resembles tapestry. Pruning time as the illicit practice is common in the fall pruning is done. January-February pruning in our region, even in the months of March to make is appropriate.
Pruning in terms of shape and a higher yield and quality to be achieved, and especially in terms of preventing pilling 5-8 eye down over the channel length possible to provide a mixed wired pruning the training of 60-80 cm body height with a "guyot system" or "guyot + T "the implementation of the training method is recommended.
3.7 Bonding Diseases, Pests and the Struggle
Ties Diseases and the Struggle for
Ties to Ash (Uncinula Necator): Arid regions are more common. Omca in all green organs (leaves, stalks, shoots, and grain clusters) can be seen. Leaves can be infected when very young, but the symptoms manifest themselves after the leaves are growing. Infected normal green color of the leaves before it loses, the upper and lower leaf surfaces, off-white color will look like in the ashes scattered to the edges of the leaf curl and lose their normal shape. Disease on the bars in places appears gray spots. Fruits fall to the time I can be infected and sick crack and small grains remain.
Flowers and leaves reduced disease products, clusters of the quality of the product to fall ill, the winter cold bars of ill cause damage.
Struggle:
Cultural Measures: The disease seen in places shells must be cleaned before bonding exile of the disease in case of infection of 3-4% slurry sprayed burgundy luxury, efficiency should be done to influence the degree of short pruning.
Chemical Challenge: One year ago the fight against the disease are seen on the floor. Of the disease seen in places must be made each year of struggle. Symptoms of the disease and being able to see spring shoots are 20-40 cm long when the first starts to drugs. According to the types and conditions of 3-5 drugs are made. Medicine used against a classic and economic ties mildew kükürt'tür dust.
Disinfection Times:
1. Disinfection: Flowers before shoots 20-40 cm long, 1,5-2 kg or 3-4 kg of pure sulfur from decare sulfur bonds is used.
2. Disinfection: the end of flowering when the clusters connect them decare from 3-4 kg or 6-8 kg of pure sulfur sulfur bond is used.
3. Disinfection: The second medication after 15 days from when the questions include the absurd enormity decare from pure sulfur sulfur bond is used 4.5-5 kg or 7-10 kg.
4. Disinfection: after 15 days from the last medication decare 4.5 kg of pure sulfur or sulfur bonds of 7-10 kg is thrown.
Powdered sulfur can be wet, except sulfur needed for powder preparations can be used against the disease.
Ties Mildiyösü (Plasmopara Viticola): Diseases of Omca are all green parts. leaves in the spring in the form of oil stains stains occur, then the oil stains under the white velvet cover that occurs sporangisporlardır them. Who suffer from infections grape brown bark becomes wrinkled and takes the appearance of leather.
Occurring in sub-clusters that cover the leaves in the later part of the green shoots and green in the entire visible Omca. If the weather is hot and rainless while the cover turns brown. Are completely dry after a while diseased clusters. None of the products will not be Omca more ill. Patient leaves are shed and rods remain bare. A year passed a Omca two years mildiyö disease itself can not be recovered.
Struggle:
Cultural Measures: Mushrooms of the sport because of the fact at the bottom of Omca a year earlier at the start of spring leaves must be collected and burned.
Chemical Challenge: Mildiyö'ye used against drugs and disease protective effect of the stopper is similar to the oil stains on the leaves of young shoots of jaundice is seen to be seen immediately, the drug should be discarded. Epidemic in the years to every 15 days for at least three drugs should be made. In combating the so-called slurry Mildiyö burgundy, blue vitriol, and that half of medicines prepared by mixing unslaked lime is the most effective way. Ready to be used in copper preparations.
Disinfection Times:
1. Disinfection: the exile of 25-30 cm is 0.75% increase dose
2. Disinfection: after flowering 1% dose
3. Disinfection: Koruk of the absurd when the enormity 1.5% increase is applied dose. After the rains of drugs if drugs are repeated. Dry weather goes to the last two do not need drugs.
Ties Antrakozu: Diseases of the green vine which is seen in every organ. Patients will be deformed leaves, clusters of grains is silk, the grain on the dark brown, medium gray spots and cracks, cracking can be seen in summer in the middle of the grain.
Struggle;
Cultural Measures: Pathojen micelle in the barracks for the winter pruning is performed on the bars Antrakoz stains should be carefully trimmed and destroyed.
Chemical Challenge: Bonding after pruning, yet awakened from the eyes with dark red slurry is made winters of drugs.
To avoid contamination from rainfall could bring a new dark red slurry is useful to continue with the old drugs.
Vineyard Pests
Phylloxera vineyards: A variety of aphid and the American vine roots and leaves in both local as the root form is in. Living in the root forms in the winter vine Nymph is spent on the main stem.
Absorbed through the roots of phylloxera Omca damage. Root tip as a result of absorption in the abnormal growth of roots exposed. Also, is still in exile, between nodes is shorter, the leaves are smaller and ultimately Omca dry.
Struggle for cultural measures are performed. Phylloxera in any way with those dishes should not be bar, dishwashing areas and links to be established should be vaccinated on American vine rootstock, rootstock should be clean and disinfected if necessary, with rods karbonsülfür.
Clusters Moth: Ergin butterfly larvae in the period of the destruction of the bonds would be harmful. Brown upper wings of butterflies, gray. Eggs are very small, and adults out in May and put their eggs in clusters.
The most effective moth damage, and in particular clusters of ripe grain and protect the places and decay lead to del olurlar.
To prevent damage from moths lay their eggs must be destroyed. More damage in this period has increased from flower to the fight circuit should be started 15-20 days intervals of 3-4 drugs should be made.
Bonding Eye Kurdu: Bonding eyes wake up in the spring eye formed larvae before they climb toward the barracks where they observed in. Eye of the inside of the eye to die by eating and therefore prevents the opening of. Looks like a tortoise shell look like when frost hit.
Cultural struggle, observed bond formed in the winter larvae entering spring Omca is spent on the bar, cut rods should be destroyed. In addition, the bonds are harmful to vineyards wolf eyes the second half of March can be kept under observation from a 1-2 larvae detected Omca should be medicated to the fight.
