1. Introduction
Domesticated animal species has an important place among the goats and the species is one of more than economic significance. One of the first domesticated animal species goats so that different environmental conditions, and quickly adapt to bağlıyabiliriz. Nutritional needs of people in tropical countries, especially goats has a separate place. India, Mexico, Nigeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, in countries such as Greece and Turkey, with low humidity, arid and semi-arid areas and are widely goat farming.
BC In the years 9000-7000 in the Middle East is considered evciltildiği. Currently, the domestic goat breeds are being trained in the world of 3 is considered to have originated from wild goats. These are: Prisca adamets Capra (sword-horned), Capra Falconer (auger-horned) and Capra aegagrus (crescent-horned) are wild goat breeds (Özcan 1989, Anonymous 2002).
Per million goats in Turkey is 8,057,000. Reduction in the last five years that the goat populasyonundaki rate is 10%. Goat farming in rural areas, especially for those living in terms of animal protein sources has an important place. Goat meat products, milk, skin and hair or mohair is. 7.3% of turkey meat production, milk from goats are provided with 2.3% (FAO, 2002). The average per goat meat production and milk production of 61 kg is 16.3 kg. 60% of goats in the products produced are used in self-consumption. In Turkey, the share of small ruminant animals in the presence of 21.4% increase as a share is very important. Goat's presence in the distribution by region, the Mediterranean region 26.5%, Southeast 25.6% and 20.3% in the Aegean region 'luxury is noteworthy that a large spread (Kaymakçı and Askin, 1997).
Although more goats grazing outside intensive care and suitable to feed the world while also responding very well to have the goat races. In countries with temperate climates and tropical regions need both types of milk goats in this example. Dairy goats, to be cultivated in any climate, hot and cold to be tolerant, long walks and easy ability to find and import facilities market as well as milk yield proportional to (body weight 50 kg x 10-15 solid = 500-700 kg / year) because height Not your plain in the mountainous region with yal are preferred. Low-income families in rural areas, not only goats, but also the workers, pensioners, civil servants, who deals with agriculture gardens by all the small farmers are grown. These are families who are in need of the day, milk, yogurt, oil and major animal products such as cheese, beef and dairy goats more than sheep or goat hair from provide. Goats in rural areas and livelihoods of poor families is insurance. This production is almost negligible in the branch no cost. Body structure is small, different eating habits, can digest cellulose well, with the ability to give high milk and offspring, even in unfavorable conditions can be done successfully rearing the goat farming makes attractive.
In many parts of the world goat meat is preferred to be sheep. In some parts of these countries is no price difference between mutton with. In addition, cost and price of meat goats, lambs and sheep is low compared to the developing countries to be more goat meat consumption is caused.
Largely in Turkey making a small amount is being raised Kilis goat, Angora goat is grown in limited spread. The last 30-40 years in the University College of Agriculture has started hybridization studies. Studies mentioned in Ankara, Saanen x Kilis (75% Saanen and 25% hair) Akkeçi in Izmir German White Noble x Maltese x Anglo-Nubya From the hybridization (50% Anglo-Nubya, 37.5% and 12.5% of German White Noble Malta ) Bornova goats, in Adana, Saanen x hair, Saanen x Kilis and to Akkeçi x Kilis crossbred (F1) with the name given Balcalı known Balcalı goat (50% Damascus,%% Saanen 21,875, 15,625% 12.5% Kilis and hair) were obtained . On the other hand, the German Pied Pied de Toros Noble Goat Goat x Hair hybridization should not (75% and 25% German Pied Noble Goat Hair Goat) were obtained. Germans by giving Damascus the Syrian Noble Goat x Hair crossbred goats Songül (25% AAAK, 25% and 50% of hair Damascus) were obtained. In another study the Akkeçi x Saanen x hair and make hair by hybridization (62.5% Saanen, 9:35% 25% hair and Kilis) Taurus and Saanen x Kilis Goat From the half-breed (Saanen 65,625% and 34,375% Kilis) were obtained from such types. (Baltacı, 1990, Özcan, 1989, Kaymakçı and Askin, 1997).
2. Advantages of Goat Farming
Dairy goats, other animals can be purchased with less than a dime.
Proportional milk yield (by weight) is very high. Weight of 50 kg of body weight in a milk goat's milk is able to provide solid 10-14.
Easily grown in poor environmental conditions goats. Adaptability is high.
Other farm animals that can not be evaluated by the mountainous regions can evaluate pasture.
Are identified by the shape of the mouth of goats and other farm animals that can not be evaluated by the forage can evaluate.
Meat, milk, hair, mohair, leather, bowel, can be used for various purposes, such as fertilizer have many products.
Non-forest land in crop production will be done inside and edge of settlements is the most important and the only means of livelihood.
Metropolitan and live near the edge of the milk and meat needs of low-income growers ensures against.
Easily converted into cash at any time of the breeders animals that can. Simple and cheap cost can be grown in shelters.
Management and administration, maintenance is very easy to feed and milking operations.
Goat's milk, cow's milk contains a large extent in terms of nutrients and allergenic properties have no equivalent.
3. Differences between sheep and goat
Sheep and goats, some anatomical features distinguish from each other and benefit from the horns are differences about the structure. Life in color and fiber properties among these criteria together always be differences are not considered reliable. The most important difference between goats and sheep are the differences in chromosome structure. Downloads have 60 chromosomes while sheep, goats have 54 chromosomes.
Table 1 Differences between goats and sheep
Sheep Goats
Nasal bones are flat bones of the nose dome is
Is flat be received is arched.
Blunt edges of the front horn, horn section is more rounded and three-cornered. Sharp edges of the front horn, horn section is elliptical and two-cornered.
Eye has six holes in the sinus gland infraorbitalis. None
Are glandula interdigitalis (secretion of these glands, the animals to find each other the benefit) None
No bottom in the back of the horns are the horns glands.
- Beard has
Tail usually long, fat and is turned down. Tail short, lean and is facing up.
The body is covered with wool fiber is covered with the body.
Administration is easy, is calm natured Administration or care, is stubborn natured
4. Reproduction in goats
4.1. Sexual maturity and breeding age
In terms of female sexual maturity oğlakla or adolescence, the reproductive organs as a result of the development of ripe eggs and mating to create the request or show anger situation. In this way, the first show of anger oğlakla females when they are referred to as the sexual maturity. Female sexual maturity is oğlakla age, race, body weight, feeding, lambing time, year and varies depending on factors such as type of birth. In general, females are oğlakla, 40-60 percent by weight of mature age 'advisable to gain when they reach puberty. Months as the average age of puberty is about 5-7 months.
4.2. Activities in the sexual mating season
Such as goats and sheep in the season due to anger often shows poliöstrik animals. The majority of goat breeds in the autumn season is doubling.
4.3. Anger
The most important indicator of the goats in the mating season, the enrichment of certain physiological and psychological symptoms is to accept the situation. Anger at the specified time goats major expansion of the vulva, vagina and swelling of the inner membrane of red, bloody take a look, a slight discharge coming vaginadan, bleating, goat and goat escaped from the search not, jump on top of other goats, frequent urination-shaped. More typical signs of anger goat is continuous tail movements. But most concrete cat boarding and anger-out behavior of bucks to do is allow. Signs of anger is evident in goats than sheep.
Observed in goats during the season out there are very long loops. These are observed from the outside, and often could not distinguish one or more of the anger they contain. This is called quiet anger. Calm the anger, the anger of the symptoms could not be observed, but there is the physiological and histological ovulation is a loop incident. Calm anger in the event, signs of anger produced sufficient forming östrogen hormone.
4.4. Anger duration
The mean duration of anger in goats is 24-48 hours. Anger duration, race, age, mating season periods (beginning, middle and last), and goat shows the separation according to the stimulating effect. Ovulation in goats, anger towards the end of time is shaped. In other words, anger is the composition of the 30-36 hours later.
4.5. Anger cycle
Is repeated periodically with anger in goats (again). This time the process is called the anger cycle. Anger cycle length in goats is between 18-22 days, average 21 days as is acceptable. Anger cycle length, age, race, mating season period, as supply factors such as commitment to change.
4.6 Mating
To ensure the highest levels in goats gestation period to the end of the mating anger should be made
Ovulation in goats, anger near the end of the second half of anger or resentment start time is 30-36 hours later.
Egg survival time of 12-14 hours.
Fertile life of 24-48 hours of Spermatozoit.
However, in practice, lots of anger at the level of the start time is not possible to determine. Therefore, get out, or in cases of artificial insemination of sheep breeding anger is specified. Or class of free-out-out-out action, while spontaneous release is applied. Therefore, the supervision of the work need not be made out.
In particular it is applied hand out the pregnancy rate in the trial version to ensure the highest levels should be as follows;
Starting out 3-4 weeks before participating in the goat during a high level of energy supply (Flushing) should be applied.
The last months of lactation in dairy-type goats could bucks by showing anger. During the dry-out removing the goats in the herd should be provided. Anger at the event in terms of milch goats herd level there is a wide variation. This variation may be hereditary and environmental source. However, this situation has spread anger and hence, as much for a long time oğlakla covers.
Stimulus to the transition between solid Teke teke of goats should be released. Presence of bucks, anger at the appropriate time to start and can ensure collective. Stimulating goat, goats between 1-2 weeks before the season is left out.
During the anger to detect solid goats, goat should be left between the search adequately. This number shrinks to a search may be in the amount of 10-15 goats will fall. Out of the search request must be sufficient bucks. Search should be done morning and evening.
Teke minimize the rate of infertility due to the unit for reducing the number of female goat should be falling. A minor to be in the range 5-6 bucks for 10-15 minutes a day can make out. Young goat goat to 30-40, 50-70 to adult goat goat can be calculated.
Teke solid, usually by mid-summer is in the early autumn to avoid the negative effects of heat, solids must be done in the cooler morning and evening. In addition, grazing should definitely be in the cooler.
There are not many bucks get the couple out can be done.
In general, a timeout in the second year in a vicious remaining goats should not be used. 4.7. Pregnancy
Goats in the duration of pregnancy, race, age, type of birth of the baby be born, gender, and varies according to season. Average is 144-157 days.
After the timeout does not remain pregnant goats between 18-22 days after acceptance or refused to put the bucks will be determined by. Residents becomes pregnant goat, billy goat runs away from the desire to eat and feed increases.
4.8. Search Oğlakla
Oğlakla of goats in the preparatory phase (2-6 hours), removing out of the puppy (0.5-2 hours) and plasantanın to be taken (0.5-8 hours) to take place in three stages.
Accelerate the development of the approaching birth of the goats udder and vulva lips look edema wins. Begins to leak from breast milk. Shows the contractions of the uterus itself. This effect opens the cervix uteri and the birth canal with the arrival fetus sac expands. Then the explosion fluid in the sac into the birth canal or flow path, makes a slippery situation. Or on the oğlakla faster. But it takes 30-40 minutes. We are too in the next birth, the first born kid is 30 minutes. 70 percent improvement from the front of Oğlakla, 30 percent are born in the state behind the development.
During or immediately after the umbilical cord Oğlakla break. 1-2 hours and then spontaneously falls from the placenta oğlakla involution usually lasts for 1 month.
4.9. Lactation
Consists of two lobe of the breast gland goat. Each one nipple to the breast lobes and the channel has.
Goats in the development of breast glands, lactation onset, continuity, and milk effects of hormonal and neural downloading a series of warnings at the end takes place.
After the first six-week period in goats in the pike oğlakla reach. Then at the end of lactation and a rapid decline would be öyavaşlama. The mean lactation period of sheep is 5-6 months. However, this time, some dairy goat breeds might happen in 8-9 months.
5. Progeny Yield
Important in terms of reproductive performance in goats subject, usually six bucks per goat or goat giving birth and a number of kid goats obtained in the process to be obtained from the breeding is the number of kid. However, female fertility, respectively, the number of eggs produced in the process of the unit, depends on the pregnancy rate and embryo death.
Measures of reproductive performance in goats and the major-specific average values of this measure are given below. In producing the basic objective is efficiency kid mentioned criteria are taken up directly as criteria.
Results According to ovulation fertilization Yield Criteria
Number of spawning (= Ovulation rate)
During ovulation from a female equivalent to the number of eggs produced. Majority of these criteria determined by the technical laporoskopi anger 7 on the day of the ovaries is found in the corpus luteumların say.
Ovarian Activity (= Ovarion Activity)
The female egg production unit in the process determines the level, the number of spawning period varies depending on activity and anger.
According to results-out and Fertility Oğlakla Yield Criteria
Pregnancy rate (%) = pregnant goat / Teke six goats
This criterion is time to mate, is related to the number and method.
Pregnancy rate (%) identified as the average values, a mating-out period at 90-95% for natural, artificial insemination with fresh semen in 70%-75'dir.
Infertility rate (%) = sterile goat / goat six goats
Natural-out, the infertility rate of 5-8% can be considered as normal.
Oğlakla rate (%) (Fertiliy) = a goat breeders / goat six goats,
Of the twin rate (%) = Twin sheep breeds / breed sheep,
Number six goats bucks per kid (fecundity) = Doğan kid / goat six goats
The number of goats per breed goat (Litter size) = Doğan goat / the goat breeds,
Magnification according to the results of fertilization Yield Criteria
Sustenance power ratio (%) = cropped from milk or 3 The monthly kid / Dogan kid,
Six goats milk per goat cut or be cut from milk sold or sold kid = kid / Teke six goats,
Of milk per goat giving birth are cut or be cut from milk sold or sold goat = goat / goat giving birth,
Degree of completion of a goat herd = All his life he reached the age-out goat breeds and the number of u,
Total productivity (Total productivity) = lactation 100, given to coaches in the day produced a total of 100 sheep lamb weight (kg),
Carcass productivity (productivity Carcass) = Koç obtained from the total given to 100 sheep carcass weight (kg)
Biological productivity in a production unit = kid yield obtained from goats.
Magnification according to the results on the reproductive performance criteria of race, maintenance - such as supply factors are effective.
6. In goat breeding
6.1. Sexual maturity and breeding age
Oğlakla men are sexual maturity, fertilization will make the production of semen quality and sexual desire (libido) is a show case. Sexual maturity age, testicular development and production depends on testestron.
Oğlakla men are sexual maturity, body weight depends on more than age. This 40-percent of wet weight 60'ına reached adult maturity at the time starts. Other important factors that affect sexual maturity is race. Early developing late-developing goat races earlier than those who can reach sexual maturity. Hybrid parents than men are oğlakla become mature earlier.
In the first use of oğlakla male stud, at sexual maturity is more than the body weight is related to age. Young men, 70-75 percent of body weight lattice of race 'in their reach can be used in an breeding. Age as a measure is used, to be used in the first breeding age, the race for the early development 7-8 months, 17-18 months for late-developing.
6.2. Mating Season
Wheel or the mating season, sexual period, such as goats does not depend on the season. However, sperm production and properties shows the seasonal separation. In general, the highest in the fall is one of sexual activity. Efficiency and features the best in the fall of semen performs. This feature reduces the level of the spring and summer, not only depending on the season, day length also depends on
6.7. Sperm Yield and Properties
On yield and quality of goat semen in the seasons, age, race, and has the effect of individual distinction. During the highest yield solid goat sperm is level and is between 0.5-1.5 ml.
Table 2 The main breeding bucks and goats Features
Feature Male Female
Pubertas age (months) 4-6 5-7
Breeding age (early development of the race) (months) 7-8 8-9
Breeding age (late emerging races) (months) 17-18 15-18
Each Fall Season Often sexual activity
Semen yield 0.5-1.5
Oestrus duration (hours) - 30-36
Oestrus cycle (days) - 17-21
Optimal mating time - 24-36 hours after the beginning of oestrus
Anger duration (hours) - 22
Pregnancy duration (days) - 150-154
(Kaymakçı and Askin, 1997).
7. By Region of goat breeds
7.1. Swiss goat breeds of Origin
Saanen, Toggenburg, Alpine, Appenzel, Girson, Verzasca, Wallis
7.2. Mediterranean goat breeds in
Malta, Nursiya-Granada
7.3. Goat Race in Asia
Ma'tou, Jamnapari and Cashmere
7.4. Goat breeds of Africa
Boer and West African Dwarf goats
7.5. French goat races
French Alpine French Saaneni and Puatu goat
7.6. German goat races
German Pied and White German Asil Asil goat goat
7.7. Turkey goat races
Hair goats, angora goats and Kilis Goat
8. According to Racial Traits of Goat
8.1. Type of dairy goat breeds (Saanen, Toggenburg, Malta, Aleppo, White German, Nubi, Kilis)
8.2. Type of Meat Goat breeds (Boer, Mat'ou, Jamnapari and Black Bengal)
8.3. Directional fiber goat breeds (Ankara, cashmere)
8.4. Efficient Combination of goat breeds (hair, Sudan)
8.5. Fur and Leather Tribe and (Marad and Nubende)
8.1. Type of dairy goat breeds
8.1.1. Saanen Goat
Grown in the valley of Switzerland's Saanen goat breeds, and there is a spread. This race has been taken to the world by almost every. In general, high adaptability, strong konstitüsyonlu is a race. Saanen goats squash, men are horned.
Saanen Goat, and the Teke (Anonymous 2002).
In general, goats Earring, is short and white-haired. But between two well-established breast and the breast is the seat type bezel. Growth rate, milk and fertility is high. Usually in groups of 2-5 headers are used in family businesses. Brought to Turkey in the early 1959'lı and still as pure and hybrids are grown (Haris and Frederick.1996, Kaymakçı and Askin 1997, Özcan 1989, Sengonca, 1974).
Efficiency Features
One of the most important features of Saanen breed that capability to comply with different climatic conditions, may be adapted to take place very quickly. Saanen goats are very sensitive towards feeding and pasture conditions. High yield ability, but the best care and feeding conditions occur. Saanen goats, the ability to benefit from the feed is high and can reach maturity at an early age and quickly breeds in the genus. This training in terms of the Saanen breed is the most important advantages. Breeds with high fertility, they usually give birth twins or triplets. Body weight for men and 70 kg, 50 kg in females. Average 2.5 years in 750 kg of milk yield and lactation period is 280 days. Lactation milk yield and a ton of elite cases lactation length is 300 days respectively. In milk fat content is around 3.4-3.6% (Kaymakçı and Askin 1997, Özcan 1989, Sengonca, 1974).
8.1.2. Toggenburg goat
Switzerland is in goat breeds. Body is brown-red mixture. Eye of the mouth up, down, right and left in the white color are two to drain.
Togenburg goats (Anonymous 2002).
General features of the external structure of goat milk. Wide range of climatic and environmental conditions can easily adapt. Male and females are hornless. Well-developed breasts. Both sides of the chin and "earring" is called one skin extension. This is characteristic for the earrings-throated race (Haris and Frederick.1996).
Efficiency Features
Milk yield averaged 700 kg and Latasyon, right approximately 275 days. Females 45-50 kg while the average male is 65-75 kg live weight. High fertility and race is capable of early development.
8.1.3. Malta Goat
Get with the island of Malta Nubya and Damascus goats in order to increase milk yield in goats Nursiye made hybridization result is an improved goat breeds. Grown in small groups in the Mediterranean countries. In Turkey in the Aegean and Marmara coastline, especially in the Cesme and Kusadasi is located near Izmir. The color is mostly brown, tawny goat Malta. Skin thin, body-covering hair is short and thin. Ears are long and floppy. Well-developed breasts, and on the vessels is evident. As with other goat milk body from front to back shows expansion.
Malta goats (Anonymous 2002).
Efficiency Features
The adult body weight of 35-40 kg while the male goats of 45-50 kg live weight. Lactation milk yield and lactation period of 250-300 days is 500-600 kg. Live weight of approximately 14 muscle milk yield has. In milk fat content is around 3.5-4%. A number of 2-5 varies between abdominal kid.
8.1.4 Kilis Goat
All kinds of weather conditions that can fit well, ekstansif and intensive conditions, in small family businesses or in herds that can be grown, strong body built, long walks and reproductive performance of high skilled milk is a goat breed. South Eastern Anatolia Region, particularly in Hatay, Gaziantep and Urfa grown in the neighborhood of the race was brought from Syria between Aleppo and goat hair goat and with the crossbreeding has emerged. The number of 100 thousand local races in Turkey Kilis goats milk yield is the highest the race. Clay too long and usually black goat hair in the body is covered with. Ears too long, is large and flaccid. Kilis goats are usually horned. However, in the female is hornless animals and men. Well developed between the breast and two legs are extended forward.
Efficiency features,
60-90 kg of live weight of mature bucks, females are 45-65 kg of ararsında shows a wide variyasyon. Lactation milk yield and lactation period of 250-300 days is 200-350 kg. In milk fat content is around 4.3-4.7%. Yield is 500-600 g hair. Obtained from 100 goats goat number is between 120-160.
8.2. Type of Meat Goat Breed
8.2.1. Boer Goat
Meat goat be described as the most important race is the goat race. Boer goats are grown in South Africa in the direction of yield were obtained by selection. Cover white hair, head and neck is red color. Boer goats all seasons of the year shows the anger. For this reason, 3 times per year 2 or 2 years may give birth. Beside the daily live kid growing very fast increase in weight is between 230-270 g. 1 kg live weight gain to ensure that food consumed low amounts of the Boer goat carcass and meat quality is high. Is around 60-70 kg of live weight
Boer Goat and the Teke (Anonymous 2002).
8.3. Goat breeds of fiber directional
8.3.1. Angora goats (Angora goat)
Ankara and its environs is essential in raising Angora goats for the whole world 'Angora' (Ankara) is known as goat. Small and elegant construction of a goat both ırktır.Gerek horned goats is usually. This long and floppy ears is the goat race. Angora goats are white, but the vast majority of Siirt and Mardin regions black, brown and gray colored Angora goats which are to be found. Viewed from the side of the body is reminiscent of a rectangle. Farming is done based on pasture. The most important of these goats is mohair yield. Mohair long, soft and shiny fiber textile consisting of a valuable raw material. Central and Southeastern Anatolia regions are grown widely.
Yield Characteristics:
Goats at 30-40 kg body weight for men is between 45-55 kg. Angora goats are often available, but right when the baby's milk except that 25-50 kg of milk is absorbed. Lactation period from 120-130 days! Roll. Twin birth rate: 2-5% and milk fat content is between 3.4-3.6%. A dirty lint yield 3-4 kg in females, males between 5-6 kg. Tress length: 13-16 cm and 30-33 mikron'dur fiber diameter.
Angora goats (Anonymous 2002).
8.3.2. Cashmere Goat
Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Russia, Pakistan, India and Nepal, mainly in Central Asian countries are grown in mountainous regions in the 3-5 thousand meters high. Textile industry is an important raw material for production of cashmere is grown. Consisting of very fine cashmere hair is sold at high prices. Often mixed with other fiber types, precious fabrics and knitted clothing is used in the construction of
Yield Characteristics:
Body weight: 30-40 kg annual cashmere yield: 150-250 g, Fiber Fineness is: 11-17 μ
Cashmere goats (Anonymous 2002).
8.4. Efficient Kobine of goat breeds
8.4.1. Goat hair
Most widely grown in Turkey (81%) is the goat race. Popularly known as the black goat. Mountainous and hilly areas farming is common. Kılkeçi, warm and tolerant soğuka be lean and providing high-flavored, makilik can take advantage of the good, disease resistant, durable, able to walk long distances to the well enough milk and meat yield, high-quality leather which built large body is a goat breed. Anatolia's climate, environment and well-adapted to growing conditions have been resistant. The body color is usually black goat hair. However, in shades of gray and brown and tawny color is encountered. Both goats and horned goat is mostly older. Both sexes in the beard of goat's hair is. Ears are usually long, but shorter-eared ones are also present.
Goat hair
8.4.2. Goat hair
Efficiency Features
Inadequate care and feeding goats combined with making all kinds of efficient climate conditions that can fit very well is a durable race. Very high fertility is not usually a kid to obtain a birth. Lactation milk yield and lactation periods of 180-235 days is between 100-130 kg. In milk fat content is between 5-5.5%. Goats live weight 45-65 kg, 60-90 kg in singles. Yield a single hair in 1-2 kg, 0.5-1 kg in goats between.
By Type Number of animals in various Year
Number of species of animals by type (1000) 2001Yılı Production
2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 Change% Meat (tons) Milk (tons) Et% Milk%
Sheep 29,435 29,435 29,435 30,238 33,072 -11.0 313,000 785,000 41.7 8.1
Hair goats 8,057 8,057 8,057 8,376 8,951 -10.0 55,000 225,000 7.3 2.3
Cattle 10,800 10,900 11,031 11,185 11,886 -9.1 377,000 8,600,000 50.3 88.9
Manda 10,800 10,900 11,031 11,185 11,886 -9.1 5,100 66,200 0.7 0.7
Total 59,092 59,292 59,554 60,984 65,795 -10.2 750,100 9,676,200 100 100
(FAO, 2002).
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