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First began to use iron and pulluk1833'de this important pioneer in the development process is grounded. Check force is used as the animals have time and these days modern tractors and machinery for soil processing tools are provided as appropriate use.
Crop production and soil starts processing all agricultural land will be made after the process itself is affected by the operations and efficiency. Therefore, the plant will grow technical demands of the agro processing system to select the appropriate land is important.
To prepare a seed bed of good soil in the process of soil improvement to the physical condition, such as to destroy foreign herbs are essential purpose.
For example, loose soil and then break up, break into pieces of turf, creamy layer to break the seed bed to suppress, stubble and plant residues mixed with soil and bury the land more than water absorption and to provide storage, fertilizer and other materials to the soil mix.
Received from field units to improve the product, as used in recent years, excessive production inputs and the quality of manufactured products to create problems in production and resource productivity of the land (long term) are reduced. As a result, production inputs and production resources to the environment has come to harm. Earth every day become inefficient and compression, erosion, organic matter, such as loss of face to face with the problem was a series.
Aware of these issues up to the producers and researchers on the ground in terms of processing soil less and less involved and the upside down vehicle applications focus on reducing traffic. In this context, reduced soil processing systems and even land cultivation can be done without any process of testing applications. This type of production is done more for the production of secondary products. This type of production method is the most radical non-agricultural land processing system. The most important feature of this system from the bay to the stubble cultivation was combined herbisit application.
2. SOIL PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Soil science society of American soil treatment system is under 4 main groups.
1 - Protection of land for processing (Conservation tillage)
2 - Buying soil processing (Conventional tillage)
3 - Reduced soil processing (Reduced tillage)
4 - Soil processing without agriculture (No tillage farming)
2.1. Soil Protection Oriented Processing
Compared with conventional soil treatment process to protect soil, wind and water erosion and preventing soil loss, soil moisture in a process intended to protect ¬ me technique. to protect soil erosion control in terms of processing plants are now benefiting from, such as processing the soil to maintain soil kesekli rough ¬ pulses per is one of the methods. Therefore, in soil without processing to protect ¬ rımla between soil processing should not interfere. Soil treatment to protect non-agricultural land is also no doubt. However, to protect soil mo ¬ association processing means processing the non-agricultural land than under the old and as he is much more wide-Figure 2.1 in the triangle of land treatment as described in the protection process for soil and soil-free farming next processing, reduced processing soil covers.
If the reduced soil treatment, waste incineration plants are to be left in the soil surface is applied, it can be considered within the scope of protection for soil processing
2.2. Consuetudinary Soil Processing
Emergence of this system with plow plow application currently includes the classical sense of the soil seed bed prepared by processing system. Processing the first and second-class processing tools benefit from soil prepared for planting of the fields can be defined as the ¬ másik. Includes means to be used as a plow. A typical procedure follows the usual territory of the entire agricultural process includes:
- Folder with plow soil processing,
- Taking a drag of the disk (l or 2 times),
- Soil with rake or KÜLTÝVATÖR processing (l or 2 times),
- October, and fertilization.
processing system based on land that is used effectively in the number of instruments is scarcity-abundance.
1) Diskaro or field of KÜLTÝVATÖR + October
2) Rotary hoeing + October
3) Heavy çizel or field of KÜLTÝVATÖR + October
4) Diskaro + October.
The programs listed above except for rotary hoeing + planting programs, soybean and corn production of the other three programs in the second product to find the application was still in Çukurova. Circuit was completely plow. After the winter wheat and barley cultivation in the cotton plow is used, a KÜLTÝVATÖR or reduced from October diskaro + ¬ earthenware production lemeli program is being implemented. Consuetudinary vehicular traffic over land are inlaid in the agricultural system and the result in the compression ratio in the soil that is faced with.
2.3. Reduced Soil Processing
This land management process, the minimum soil processing (mini ¬ mum tillage) and limited soil processing (limited tillage) is known as. Reduced soil treatment process consuetudinary ¬ land me some action according to the method was applied to a direction-If you tem ¬ stubble residues on the surface of soil to be processed in an enclosure are made of earth ¬ processing of shapes that can be assumed as one.
Normally the riding plow, reduced soil treatment are not available for ram ¬ touchwood. In other words, this system is not used in the plow. This system more superficial root system of the second product in agriculture and the product is used in the preparation of land next hasatından (Akbolat, 1997).
However, other types of equipment can be processed according to the purpose of the field surface. For example, some may have reduced soil processing program, such as the following:
2.4. Soil-free Agricultural Processing
Soil-free processing in agriculture, the second product soy and corn, a field covered with stubble burning or plants to the front of the plant is harvested, is not directly attached (Zeren, 1984). In this method, plant development and maturation period of the pick ¬ for each ¬ a land which is not processed. In other words, non-processed agricultural land:
- Zero soil treatment (zero tillage) and
- Chemical treatment of soil (chemical tillage) is used in a search.
Soil using conventional processing equipment to farmers in terms of raising the bit ¬ that require tools to use are 2 important reasons:
- Mechanical way struggle to make the grass and
- Seed germination of the sprout and bloom for the development of the micro-environment to create and to maintain optimal.
These two major issues in agriculture without soil treatment is not neglected, however, apply a different solution. In this system;
- Herbisit use of mechanical instruments in the ot the fight to take place,
- Germination of seeds and sprouts to develop the land into the mix it makes humus-rich, structure improve water and nutrient holding capacity increase, the malç task, prevent wind and water erosion, organic is right now ¬ larla. Also on the farm land in agriculture without processing to minimize vehicular traffic in the congestion of land is being blocked, the germination of seeds in the natural environment remains good enough dai ma ¬.
History of Non-Agricultural 2.4.1.Toprak Processing
Modern sense of the literature on the transition to agricultural land without treatment, although new, is a very old practice. In fact, human nature is not touched in this way ¬ la to plant development. This natural principle, also applies to the tropical areas of the desert up. Because the desert to tropical regions, was buried with ¬ şarıdan any mechanical means to intervene in the case, even plants should mediği ¬ cycle has continued.
In particular, 2,4-D and the beginning of 1950, some other effective substances have been identified herbisit features inlaid agricultural land against al ¬ şılagelen alternative production techniques began to develop ¬ s. Especially «Paraquat» with effective substance herbisitler «no tillage farming» era has begun (Zeren, 1984).
In 1966, the first U.S. ALLIS Chalmers Company began marketing the stubble seeder produce the series. Is currently in Turkey to meet these needs directly sowing machines do not have a stubble, soybean and corn stubble in the research stage to the October sında ¬.
2.4.2. Advantages and disadvantages of non-agricultural lands Processing
3 to provide the farmers with agricultural soil handling basic benefits;
1) Soil conservation,
2) Energy-saving,
3) Time and effort is saved.
2.4.2.1. Soil Protection
In particular, remaining organic soil on the surface of the ball is now in conservation is important ¬ rak. In this regard, a study by Purdue University as a result can be seen below.
Plant waste tons / ha surface flow infiltration%% Soil loss
tons / ha 0.00 45 54 13.00 0.625 40 60 7.50
1.25 25 74 2.50
2.50 0.5 99 0.75
5.00 0.1 99 0.00
10.00 0.00 100 0.00
Various soil and organic matter processing device which is protected on the surface of soil, showing percentage values
Eared riding with plow (12,5-17,5 cm working depth) 30 Folder riding with plow (20 cm working depth) 10
50 Tandem or offset disc plow stubble diskaro 50
40 Field disc plow KÜLTÝVATÖR 80
Grass paths Çizel 75's 85
Mizberi stubble (disc cutter with ondüleli) and October 90
Eared riding with plow (12,5-17,5 cm working depth) 30 Folder riding with plow (20 cm working depth) 10
50 Tandem or offset disc plow stubble diskaro 50
40 Field disc plow KÜLTÝVATÖR 80
Grass paths Çizel 75's 85
2.4.2.2. Energy-Saving
General energy consumption in developed countries agricultural mechanization which share 57%, 22% for developing countries and world average 51'dir%.
In agriculture in the United States consumed 32% of the total diesel used as fuel during Trak ¬ tor in Turkey, and bi ¬ tractor this ratio is around 20% for çerdöver. Agricultural purposes in Turkey in l million tons of diesel consumption, that is the TAH ¬ (Zeren, 1984).
4th Schedule Fuel Processing Systems by different soil Comparison of Requirements (for U.S.) (Zeren, 1984).
Diesel consumption of agricultural land Purchase works
Reduced agricultural land işlemeli I
Diskaro 7.00
Diskaro 7.00
Harrows, doting 6.05
October 6.05
Herbisit 4.92
Anchors and 2.17
Anchors and 4.07
11.82 Harvest
Total 49.08
Reduced agricultural land işlemeli II
Now parts of the 5.20
October 4.16
Herbisit 2.18
Anchors and 4.06
Schedule 4 Continued:
Anchors and 4.06
11.82 Harvest
Total 31.48
Soil üşlemesiz Description
Now parts of the 5.20
Stubble cultivation to 4.92
Herbisil 2.18
Harvest H, 82
Total 24.12
Soil Processing Systems to Labor Requirements
Agricultural labor force works to land consuetudinary Requirements
Ich / ha
Riding with plow
Distribute fertilizer
Fertilizing
Herbisit spraying 1.50
Stubble in October.
2.4.2.3. With Environmental Impact
Characters required for agricultural chemicals plants and animals after a certain dosage for toksittir ¬ machines. At recent years, however, soil thick ¬ ge ¬ limited lişmeler the herbisitlerde has been great. They used the recommended doses have not been faced with a serious problem so far. But the biggest problem of chemicals used in practice works soil erosion by rain, the lakes and streams washed ¬ effectuate the pollution that is. Prevent the use of chemicals, can not be controlled by the rainfall regime, the only way to prevent the pollution of lakes and rivers again No-till farming is. Of these chemicals in the fields but also to achieve effects cına ¬ periods are required to keep soil from washing. Soil conservation and environmental protection organizations that are advocates of reason No-till farming systems.
Non-Agricultural Factors Limitations 2.4.3.Toprak Processing
Applied before the year 1960 lı stubble reduced soil processing and agriculture system and malç with No-till farming system, the possibilities of today, very different in terms of research and experience must ¬. No-till agriculture in every day for new possibilities and technologies are implemented. However, this form of agriculture in every country in every kind of soil and operational conditions to implement the defense is not true. No-till agriculture system that focuses on this point of criticism.
1 - Average difficulty for farmers and more management information required,
2 - Heavy and drainage facilities do not have to apply in difficult field,
3 - It opens the way for many diseases and harmful problems ¬ ceği,
4 - requires the use of more chemicals,
5 - No-till farming system, the products obtained, the usual lower than soil processing system as it is applied can be summarized in the ¬.
No-till farming systems introduced this criticism can be answered in the following se ¬ clay.
2.4.3.1. Soil Processing System Administration in Non-Agricultural Systems
Soil treatment with non-profit form of agricultural practice agricultural land ¬ şılaştırıldığında works, and planning requires more preparation before planting. If the alien weed problems before planting and how to keep under control enough ug ¬ raşılmamış already decided to, plant development through after his pick is not possible to keep under control. Therefore, non-agricultural land to implement a business process manager in the field should have sufficient information about the foreign grass and keep it under control how and with what chemical might already know rekmektedir ¬ ge. Therefore, the application of soil to process non-farming system, farmers are not an uneducated. New track requires a dynamic manager.
Due to lack of information on agricultural lands without processing the smaller risk of error is greater than other systems.
Therefore, the owner of a business than in the period of transition to ¬ a No-till agriculture in all the land application, rather than 25% in this application is more useful to extend başlanarak time. Successfully applied without processing agricultural soil management çiftçile ¬ rin said that this system's management of other systems is not difficult to manage the case, only the management system is different. This sis the long run ¬ tem, instead of sitting on the tractor, the system gain in the spare time raising the level of research and information to people watching a road is more worthy,
2.4.3.2. Good drainage in heavy and non-farm production
No-till farming practice, as described before, the field holds moisture better. That is not good drainage heavy clay No-till farming practice LADA is a tar ¬ drainage problem further increases denilebilir. Keep more water in spring, especially in the fields needed to warm up the soil later, will lead to damage to the plant. However, more moisture to dry as the establishment of the tu ¬ like tulması areas in agricultural and fallow or it may be rarı ¬. Therefore, drainage of the fields of business owner must know very well du ¬ rum. In such a field is selected at the beginning of processing methods reduced soil over time increase the amount of soil organic matter and improve soil structure and organic matter will give useful results. In irrigated areas, and may also, or ¬ ğışlı with appropriate drainage systems to solve the problem of drainage of the fields must ¬. If you have difficulties to place the drainage system in No-till farming is back with a different suit ¬ gulama No-till in the fields of applying excessive ¬ how to avoid harmful effects to certain extent.
2.4.3.3. Diseases and Pests Control in Agriculture with Soil Processing
Purchase method, except for agricultural works soil, applied all the way to retain soil ¬ hatchet, to control disease and harmful should be given more importance. There are two main reasons for this;
- Soil plow overturn the eggs and larvae are not harmful to the soil under the dead are not buried,
- Soil organic matter on the surface of the harmful and the patient may have an environment suitable for development ¬ lıkların.
But it is also important to note that this direction is applied and ¬ tem will benefit from the beneficial insects to increase the number of harmful under control, keep their caklarından ¬ ¬ s facilities will also increase.
No-till farming is not the most important chemical weapons, information, and management is a form of struggle. Field control of the bi ¬ lynch and frequent, often is important to do.
2.4.3.4. Effects on the Use of Chemical-free Agriculture Soil Processing
No-till agriculture to a business that is not likely to refrain from the use of the chemical. In particular, this method mut ¬ herbisit lac will be used. Chemical use and environmental pollution, increase the costs can mean.
2.4.3.5.Masraf
No-till farming implements of a farmer of chemical weed control under way, keep wild ¬ cı must make agriculture a consuetudinary inlaid top operators ¬ rak will use more than herbisit is final. However, these costs depend on the intensity of the field and in the foreign grass type. In some fields, such as more foreign herbs not found in herbs that are easy to keep under control. Some fields in the opposite situation with a can ¬.
No-till farming as a method, the system brings the October seizure of foreign weed problem solution is also easy makta ¬. Therefore, the economics of soil processing costs will be large additional costs to bring more herbisit use is not large.
2.4.4. Impact of Processing Efficiency of soil-free agriculture
No-till farming methods have no business going to apply a higher efficiency than that does not sacrifice. In this method the first year of the follow ¬ gulandığı the yield falling to a certain extent may ¬ coincide. However, the management of high-yield business owners are related very closely-biçimiy ¬ le is valid for all other agricultural systems based on research results of the No-till farming than other farming methods with low efficiency is not a method. Schedule 7 in this regard has been given U.S. research so ¬ nuçları.
2.4.5. Soil-free Agricultural Processing Herbisit Use
No-till agriculture in herbisitler plow, and KÜLTÝVATÖR diskaro to replace. Therefore, in No-till farming is an absolutely necessary herbisit use.
2.4.5.1. Recognition of Foreign Ot
In the first phase of the problem in the fields of foreign herbisit use of herbs is recognized. For this purpose, in the region is imperative to seek help luşlardan ¬ agricultural establishment. Business owner in a certain degree
Soil-free Agricultural Processing Efficiency
Methods of Corn Yield (kg / ha) soybean yield (kg / ha)
ALTI + Anchors for 6477 2990
Ati 5778 2853
Anchors for Ati + 6223 2990
Ati 5588 2718
Anchors and MYTİ + 6668 2990
MYTİ 5905 2785
TIT 2785
Description
ALTI = soil processing consuetudinary
Ati = reduced soil processing
Process-oriented soil MYTİ = Storage
TIT = soil without treatment (No-till agriculture)
Source: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, USA.
Made by the same research institutions and other research Research ¬;
Corn yield (kg / ha) soybean yield (kg / ha) Continuous Corn-soybean rotation Egypt Egypt-soybean rotation
Anchors for ALTI + 7048 7112 1766
Anchors for Ati + 7239 7302 1698
TIT 8255 8191 1902
harmful insects and can recognize the characteristics of foreign ot the information subject ¬ water is usually inadequate. Foreign business owners manuals in color herbs identifier would be useful. Business owners of the tar ¬ la the foreign grass;
- One year of fescue,
- Many years of fescue,
- One-year broad-leafed,
- Multi-year broad-leafed
separation, the seeds from the right, the vb rizomdan or replicated ¬ should learn about.
2.4.5.2. Used Herbisitler
No-till agriculture in herbisitlerin used immediately, or almost full when you need to do ¬ ¬ consuetudinary method can also be used agricultural land works. But the reverse is not always valid ¬ dir. So. Consuetudinary land used in agricultural works can not be used at each herbisit No-till farming. Because the conventional methods in soil by some herbisitler soil mixing process is required. No-used in agriculture tiil into 3 main groups can herbisitleri;
1 - During the October murder of foreign herbs sit in the contact herb ¬ (Contact herbicedes at planting)
2 - October first or residual effect before germination every ¬ bisitler (Pre-plant or pre-emergence residual herbicides)
3 - after germination herbisitler (post-emergence herb ¬ cides).
• The main example used to herbisitlere if we can sample as follows.
a) During the October murder of foreign herbs some contact herbisitler;
Check the Foreign Herbs Effective Herbisit Article
Paraquat and broad-leafed fescue germination of the single-year
All kinds of broad-leafed roundup
First began to use iron and pulluk1833'de this important pioneer in the development process is grounded. Check force is used as the animals have time and these days modern tractors and machinery for soil processing tools are provided as appropriate use.
Crop production and soil starts processing all agricultural land will be made after the process itself is affected by the operations and efficiency. Therefore, the plant will grow technical demands of the agro processing system to select the appropriate land is important.
To prepare a seed bed of good soil in the process of soil improvement to the physical condition, such as to destroy foreign herbs are essential purpose.
For example, loose soil and then break up, break into pieces of turf, creamy layer to break the seed bed to suppress, stubble and plant residues mixed with soil and bury the land more than water absorption and to provide storage, fertilizer and other materials to the soil mix.
Received from field units to improve the product, as used in recent years, excessive production inputs and the quality of manufactured products to create problems in production and resource productivity of the land (long term) are reduced. As a result, production inputs and production resources to the environment has come to harm. Earth every day become inefficient and compression, erosion, organic matter, such as loss of face to face with the problem was a series.
Aware of these issues up to the producers and researchers on the ground in terms of processing soil less and less involved and the upside down vehicle applications focus on reducing traffic. In this context, reduced soil processing systems and even land cultivation can be done without any process of testing applications. This type of production is done more for the production of secondary products. This type of production method is the most radical non-agricultural land processing system. The most important feature of this system from the bay to the stubble cultivation was combined herbisit application.
2. SOIL PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Soil science society of American soil treatment system is under 4 main groups.
1 - Protection of land for processing (Conservation tillage)
2 - Buying soil processing (Conventional tillage)
3 - Reduced soil processing (Reduced tillage)
4 - Soil processing without agriculture (No tillage farming)
2.1. Soil Protection Oriented Processing
Compared with conventional soil treatment process to protect soil, wind and water erosion and preventing soil loss, soil moisture in a process intended to protect ¬ me technique. to protect soil erosion control in terms of processing plants are now benefiting from, such as processing the soil to maintain soil kesekli rough ¬ pulses per is one of the methods. Therefore, in soil without processing to protect ¬ rımla between soil processing should not interfere. Soil treatment to protect non-agricultural land is also no doubt. However, to protect soil mo ¬ association processing means processing the non-agricultural land than under the old and as he is much more wide-Figure 2.1 in the triangle of land treatment as described in the protection process for soil and soil-free farming next processing, reduced processing soil covers.
If the reduced soil treatment, waste incineration plants are to be left in the soil surface is applied, it can be considered within the scope of protection for soil processing
2.2. Consuetudinary Soil Processing
Emergence of this system with plow plow application currently includes the classical sense of the soil seed bed prepared by processing system. Processing the first and second-class processing tools benefit from soil prepared for planting of the fields can be defined as the ¬ másik. Includes means to be used as a plow. A typical procedure follows the usual territory of the entire agricultural process includes:
- Folder with plow soil processing,
- Taking a drag of the disk (l or 2 times),
- Soil with rake or KÜLTÝVATÖR processing (l or 2 times),
- October, and fertilization.
processing system based on land that is used effectively in the number of instruments is scarcity-abundance.
1) Diskaro or field of KÜLTÝVATÖR + October
2) Rotary hoeing + October
3) Heavy çizel or field of KÜLTÝVATÖR + October
4) Diskaro + October.
The programs listed above except for rotary hoeing + planting programs, soybean and corn production of the other three programs in the second product to find the application was still in Çukurova. Circuit was completely plow. After the winter wheat and barley cultivation in the cotton plow is used, a KÜLTÝVATÖR or reduced from October diskaro + ¬ earthenware production lemeli program is being implemented. Consuetudinary vehicular traffic over land are inlaid in the agricultural system and the result in the compression ratio in the soil that is faced with.
2.3. Reduced Soil Processing
This land management process, the minimum soil processing (mini ¬ mum tillage) and limited soil processing (limited tillage) is known as. Reduced soil treatment process consuetudinary ¬ land me some action according to the method was applied to a direction-If you tem ¬ stubble residues on the surface of soil to be processed in an enclosure are made of earth ¬ processing of shapes that can be assumed as one.
Normally the riding plow, reduced soil treatment are not available for ram ¬ touchwood. In other words, this system is not used in the plow. This system more superficial root system of the second product in agriculture and the product is used in the preparation of land next hasatından (Akbolat, 1997).
However, other types of equipment can be processed according to the purpose of the field surface. For example, some may have reduced soil processing program, such as the following:
2.4. Soil-free Agricultural Processing
Soil-free processing in agriculture, the second product soy and corn, a field covered with stubble burning or plants to the front of the plant is harvested, is not directly attached (Zeren, 1984). In this method, plant development and maturation period of the pick ¬ for each ¬ a land which is not processed. In other words, non-processed agricultural land:
- Zero soil treatment (zero tillage) and
- Chemical treatment of soil (chemical tillage) is used in a search.
Soil using conventional processing equipment to farmers in terms of raising the bit ¬ that require tools to use are 2 important reasons:
- Mechanical way struggle to make the grass and
- Seed germination of the sprout and bloom for the development of the micro-environment to create and to maintain optimal.
These two major issues in agriculture without soil treatment is not neglected, however, apply a different solution. In this system;
- Herbisit use of mechanical instruments in the ot the fight to take place,
- Germination of seeds and sprouts to develop the land into the mix it makes humus-rich, structure improve water and nutrient holding capacity increase, the malç task, prevent wind and water erosion, organic is right now ¬ larla. Also on the farm land in agriculture without processing to minimize vehicular traffic in the congestion of land is being blocked, the germination of seeds in the natural environment remains good enough dai ma ¬.
History of Non-Agricultural 2.4.1.Toprak Processing
Modern sense of the literature on the transition to agricultural land without treatment, although new, is a very old practice. In fact, human nature is not touched in this way ¬ la to plant development. This natural principle, also applies to the tropical areas of the desert up. Because the desert to tropical regions, was buried with ¬ şarıdan any mechanical means to intervene in the case, even plants should mediği ¬ cycle has continued.
In particular, 2,4-D and the beginning of 1950, some other effective substances have been identified herbisit features inlaid agricultural land against al ¬ şılagelen alternative production techniques began to develop ¬ s. Especially «Paraquat» with effective substance herbisitler «no tillage farming» era has begun (Zeren, 1984).
In 1966, the first U.S. ALLIS Chalmers Company began marketing the stubble seeder produce the series. Is currently in Turkey to meet these needs directly sowing machines do not have a stubble, soybean and corn stubble in the research stage to the October sında ¬.
2.4.2. Advantages and disadvantages of non-agricultural lands Processing
3 to provide the farmers with agricultural soil handling basic benefits;
1) Soil conservation,
2) Energy-saving,
3) Time and effort is saved.
2.4.2.1. Soil Protection
In particular, remaining organic soil on the surface of the ball is now in conservation is important ¬ rak. In this regard, a study by Purdue University as a result can be seen below.
Plant waste tons / ha surface flow infiltration%% Soil loss
tons / ha 0.00 45 54 13.00 0.625 40 60 7.50
1.25 25 74 2.50
2.50 0.5 99 0.75
5.00 0.1 99 0.00
10.00 0.00 100 0.00
Various soil and organic matter processing device which is protected on the surface of soil, showing percentage values
Eared riding with plow (12,5-17,5 cm working depth) 30 Folder riding with plow (20 cm working depth) 10
50 Tandem or offset disc plow stubble diskaro 50
40 Field disc plow KÜLTÝVATÖR 80
Grass paths Çizel 75's 85
Mizberi stubble (disc cutter with ondüleli) and October 90
Eared riding with plow (12,5-17,5 cm working depth) 30 Folder riding with plow (20 cm working depth) 10
50 Tandem or offset disc plow stubble diskaro 50
40 Field disc plow KÜLTÝVATÖR 80
Grass paths Çizel 75's 85
2.4.2.2. Energy-Saving
General energy consumption in developed countries agricultural mechanization which share 57%, 22% for developing countries and world average 51'dir%.
In agriculture in the United States consumed 32% of the total diesel used as fuel during Trak ¬ tor in Turkey, and bi ¬ tractor this ratio is around 20% for çerdöver. Agricultural purposes in Turkey in l million tons of diesel consumption, that is the TAH ¬ (Zeren, 1984).
4th Schedule Fuel Processing Systems by different soil Comparison of Requirements (for U.S.) (Zeren, 1984).
Diesel consumption of agricultural land Purchase works
Reduced agricultural land işlemeli I
Diskaro 7.00
Diskaro 7.00
Harrows, doting 6.05
October 6.05
Herbisit 4.92
Anchors and 2.17
Anchors and 4.07
11.82 Harvest
Total 49.08
Reduced agricultural land işlemeli II
Now parts of the 5.20
October 4.16
Herbisit 2.18
Anchors and 4.06
Schedule 4 Continued:
Anchors and 4.06
11.82 Harvest
Total 31.48
Soil üşlemesiz Description
Now parts of the 5.20
Stubble cultivation to 4.92
Herbisil 2.18
Harvest H, 82
Total 24.12
Soil Processing Systems to Labor Requirements
Agricultural labor force works to land consuetudinary Requirements
Ich / ha
Riding with plow
Distribute fertilizer
Fertilizing
Herbisit spraying 1.50
Stubble in October.
2.4.2.3. With Environmental Impact
Characters required for agricultural chemicals plants and animals after a certain dosage for toksittir ¬ machines. At recent years, however, soil thick ¬ ge ¬ limited lişmeler the herbisitlerde has been great. They used the recommended doses have not been faced with a serious problem so far. But the biggest problem of chemicals used in practice works soil erosion by rain, the lakes and streams washed ¬ effectuate the pollution that is. Prevent the use of chemicals, can not be controlled by the rainfall regime, the only way to prevent the pollution of lakes and rivers again No-till farming is. Of these chemicals in the fields but also to achieve effects cına ¬ periods are required to keep soil from washing. Soil conservation and environmental protection organizations that are advocates of reason No-till farming systems.
Non-Agricultural Factors Limitations 2.4.3.Toprak Processing
Applied before the year 1960 lı stubble reduced soil processing and agriculture system and malç with No-till farming system, the possibilities of today, very different in terms of research and experience must ¬. No-till agriculture in every day for new possibilities and technologies are implemented. However, this form of agriculture in every country in every kind of soil and operational conditions to implement the defense is not true. No-till agriculture system that focuses on this point of criticism.
1 - Average difficulty for farmers and more management information required,
2 - Heavy and drainage facilities do not have to apply in difficult field,
3 - It opens the way for many diseases and harmful problems ¬ ceği,
4 - requires the use of more chemicals,
5 - No-till farming system, the products obtained, the usual lower than soil processing system as it is applied can be summarized in the ¬.
No-till farming systems introduced this criticism can be answered in the following se ¬ clay.
2.4.3.1. Soil Processing System Administration in Non-Agricultural Systems
Soil treatment with non-profit form of agricultural practice agricultural land ¬ şılaştırıldığında works, and planning requires more preparation before planting. If the alien weed problems before planting and how to keep under control enough ug ¬ raşılmamış already decided to, plant development through after his pick is not possible to keep under control. Therefore, non-agricultural land to implement a business process manager in the field should have sufficient information about the foreign grass and keep it under control how and with what chemical might already know rekmektedir ¬ ge. Therefore, the application of soil to process non-farming system, farmers are not an uneducated. New track requires a dynamic manager.
Due to lack of information on agricultural lands without processing the smaller risk of error is greater than other systems.
Therefore, the owner of a business than in the period of transition to ¬ a No-till agriculture in all the land application, rather than 25% in this application is more useful to extend başlanarak time. Successfully applied without processing agricultural soil management çiftçile ¬ rin said that this system's management of other systems is not difficult to manage the case, only the management system is different. This sis the long run ¬ tem, instead of sitting on the tractor, the system gain in the spare time raising the level of research and information to people watching a road is more worthy,
2.4.3.2. Good drainage in heavy and non-farm production
No-till farming practice, as described before, the field holds moisture better. That is not good drainage heavy clay No-till farming practice LADA is a tar ¬ drainage problem further increases denilebilir. Keep more water in spring, especially in the fields needed to warm up the soil later, will lead to damage to the plant. However, more moisture to dry as the establishment of the tu ¬ like tulması areas in agricultural and fallow or it may be rarı ¬. Therefore, drainage of the fields of business owner must know very well du ¬ rum. In such a field is selected at the beginning of processing methods reduced soil over time increase the amount of soil organic matter and improve soil structure and organic matter will give useful results. In irrigated areas, and may also, or ¬ ğışlı with appropriate drainage systems to solve the problem of drainage of the fields must ¬. If you have difficulties to place the drainage system in No-till farming is back with a different suit ¬ gulama No-till in the fields of applying excessive ¬ how to avoid harmful effects to certain extent.
2.4.3.3. Diseases and Pests Control in Agriculture with Soil Processing
Purchase method, except for agricultural works soil, applied all the way to retain soil ¬ hatchet, to control disease and harmful should be given more importance. There are two main reasons for this;
- Soil plow overturn the eggs and larvae are not harmful to the soil under the dead are not buried,
- Soil organic matter on the surface of the harmful and the patient may have an environment suitable for development ¬ lıkların.
But it is also important to note that this direction is applied and ¬ tem will benefit from the beneficial insects to increase the number of harmful under control, keep their caklarından ¬ ¬ s facilities will also increase.
No-till farming is not the most important chemical weapons, information, and management is a form of struggle. Field control of the bi ¬ lynch and frequent, often is important to do.
2.4.3.4. Effects on the Use of Chemical-free Agriculture Soil Processing
No-till agriculture to a business that is not likely to refrain from the use of the chemical. In particular, this method mut ¬ herbisit lac will be used. Chemical use and environmental pollution, increase the costs can mean.
2.4.3.5.Masraf
No-till farming implements of a farmer of chemical weed control under way, keep wild ¬ cı must make agriculture a consuetudinary inlaid top operators ¬ rak will use more than herbisit is final. However, these costs depend on the intensity of the field and in the foreign grass type. In some fields, such as more foreign herbs not found in herbs that are easy to keep under control. Some fields in the opposite situation with a can ¬.
No-till farming as a method, the system brings the October seizure of foreign weed problem solution is also easy makta ¬. Therefore, the economics of soil processing costs will be large additional costs to bring more herbisit use is not large.
2.4.4. Impact of Processing Efficiency of soil-free agriculture
No-till farming methods have no business going to apply a higher efficiency than that does not sacrifice. In this method the first year of the follow ¬ gulandığı the yield falling to a certain extent may ¬ coincide. However, the management of high-yield business owners are related very closely-biçimiy ¬ le is valid for all other agricultural systems based on research results of the No-till farming than other farming methods with low efficiency is not a method. Schedule 7 in this regard has been given U.S. research so ¬ nuçları.
2.4.5. Soil-free Agricultural Processing Herbisit Use
No-till agriculture in herbisitler plow, and KÜLTÝVATÖR diskaro to replace. Therefore, in No-till farming is an absolutely necessary herbisit use.
2.4.5.1. Recognition of Foreign Ot
In the first phase of the problem in the fields of foreign herbisit use of herbs is recognized. For this purpose, in the region is imperative to seek help luşlardan ¬ agricultural establishment. Business owner in a certain degree
Soil-free Agricultural Processing Efficiency
Methods of Corn Yield (kg / ha) soybean yield (kg / ha)
ALTI + Anchors for 6477 2990
Ati 5778 2853
Anchors for Ati + 6223 2990
Ati 5588 2718
Anchors and MYTİ + 6668 2990
MYTİ 5905 2785
TIT 2785
Description
ALTI = soil processing consuetudinary
Ati = reduced soil processing
Process-oriented soil MYTİ = Storage
TIT = soil without treatment (No-till agriculture)
Source: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, USA.
Made by the same research institutions and other research Research ¬;
Corn yield (kg / ha) soybean yield (kg / ha) Continuous Corn-soybean rotation Egypt Egypt-soybean rotation
Anchors for ALTI + 7048 7112 1766
Anchors for Ati + 7239 7302 1698
TIT 8255 8191 1902
harmful insects and can recognize the characteristics of foreign ot the information subject ¬ water is usually inadequate. Foreign business owners manuals in color herbs identifier would be useful. Business owners of the tar ¬ la the foreign grass;
- One year of fescue,
- Many years of fescue,
- One-year broad-leafed,
- Multi-year broad-leafed
separation, the seeds from the right, the vb rizomdan or replicated ¬ should learn about.
2.4.5.2. Used Herbisitler
No-till agriculture in herbisitlerin used immediately, or almost full when you need to do ¬ ¬ consuetudinary method can also be used agricultural land works. But the reverse is not always valid ¬ dir. So. Consuetudinary land used in agricultural works can not be used at each herbisit No-till farming. Because the conventional methods in soil by some herbisitler soil mixing process is required. No-used in agriculture tiil into 3 main groups can herbisitleri;
1 - During the October murder of foreign herbs sit in the contact herb ¬ (Contact herbicedes at planting)
2 - October first or residual effect before germination every ¬ bisitler (Pre-plant or pre-emergence residual herbicides)
3 - after germination herbisitler (post-emergence herb ¬ cides).
• The main example used to herbisitlere if we can sample as follows.
a) During the October murder of foreign herbs some contact herbisitler;
Check the Foreign Herbs Effective Herbisit Article
Paraquat and broad-leafed fescue germination of the single-year
All kinds of broad-leafed roundup
2,4 - D all kind of broad-leafed
b) October before or before germination herbisitler some effective rezidüel
Below is a list of data processing with herbisitlerin soil penetrates into the top ¬ rak, there is no need to. They should be applied before seed germination. These rains are beneficial to the root zone of these washed down ¬ an important right, the deeper roots of the grass roots contact with foreigners is effective.
Check the Foreign Herbs Effective Herbisit Article
One year and one-year broad-leafed fescue Atrazine and
One year and one-year broad-leafed fescue Bicep and
One year and one large-leafed fescue Bladex of annual
Dual single annual meadow grass to the majority of
Broad-leaf and some plains Dyanop
Laso single annual meadow grass and
Broad-leaf and some plains Lorox,
One year of broad-leaf and some plains Princep
Many of meadow and some large single-year Prowel to blade
One year and some broad-leafed fescue to Ramrod
One year and some broad-leafed fescue Surflan to
After germination Herbisitler
Check the Foreign Egypt Herbisit Herbs
One year of broad-leaf and some plains Atrazin
Broad-leafed and Banvel
One year and some broad-leafed fescue Bicep and
Bladex One year of broad-leafed, meadow herbs
The majority of dual fescue
One year of Lasso fescue
Broad-leaf and some herbs Lorax
Prowl single annual herbs
Ramrod single annual herbs
Of 2,4-D large-leafed
Check the Foreign Herbisit Soya Herbs
Broad-leafed and Basagran
Balzer of large-leafed
Hoelon Çayır herbs
Paraquat Çayır herbs
Broad-leafed herbs and meadow Premerge
Most of the meadow grass and broad-leafed roundup
Sensor / Loxone broad-leafed, and most of the fescue
Non-Agricultural Processing 2.4.6.Toprak Fertilization
Soil-free processing of agricultural development in many years, researchers and farmers, especially in terms of fertilization of this system would create many problems were put forward-Fertilizer was mixed into the soil and the root license ¬ or rılması a bit deeper into the defense when the need is absolutely. Since producers outside of the system adopted in the fertilizer used and the needle ¬ in this manner is in ¬ sink into the soil. Surface to be taken to the fertilizer plant from which to measure benefit is questionable ¬ knows. Soil processing agricultural development without the fertilization of the soil level ¬ yu is not objectionable, but is understood to have advantages ba ¬ zi.
However, fertilizer application and land used in agriculture without processing system implemented between need to know there are some fundamental differences. Therefore, the following will focus on two issues:
1 - No-till farming to conventional farming systems in the differences in the separates,
2 - No-till agriculture in the samples taken from soil and lime to control and pH'sının Top ¬ rak
2.4.6.1. Fertilization of agricultural lands to non-conventional processing ¬ rak Embroidered Top of Agriculture Ayıran Points
Difference in these two methods of fertilization are due to two main reasons. These are:
a - soil micro-environment, b - is the application method.
No-till farming on soil micro-environment, soil environment is different from works that are deposited in ¬ field. Because this system is covered with soil organic matter yu ¬ zeyi more moisture on the surface of soil can be kept, so the soil temperature is lower and land is less than take-off is not working (insufficient, but less). Organic matter in what some physical properties of soil change niyle ¬ fertilizer in the soil will affect the format.
Buying way fertilizer is distributed to the soil surface, with ku lak ¬ plow or other earth with processing tools are embedded into soil can be mixed No-till farming system is not functioning in the territory of the nature of an enforcement notice to quit or ¬ Tayan.
Example of the received and 2.4.6.2.Toprak Soil pH'sı
As with other farming No-till farming methods in soil samples taken periodically and the soil pH status in the status of ¬ mel nutrients must be continuously controlled. Every two or three years the benefit has to be an example. Example To get the most appropriate time is after the harvest. No-till systems to identify the amount of lime in the soil and pH'sı eg the first 5 cm from soil surface to be reklidir ¬ ge. Phosphorus and potassium can be designated for in up to 10-20 cm.
No-till farming in the top two reasons described below 6.0 or above must be kept pH'sı ¬ rak. Because;
1 - especially acid character fertilizers (nitrogenous fertilizers, produce, etc.) in time for the nutrients of soil acidity to be extended must be rise, plant growth will be affected as I ¬ strain.
2 - Research results based on the findings obtained in a low soil pH conditions sı No-till farming is important for «triazine» with effective substance herbisitlerden «Atrazine and simazine» events are lost. In some other effective substance in acid soils have shown similar changes.
Appropriate amount of lime to soil with low soil should pH'sı ¬ can be corrected by me. No-till agriculture in particular, a manufacturer's new head field layacak ¬ lime in the soil is low pH'sı ¬ seeking lenme decal on it should be 6 ¬ must.
Primary nutrients are important for plant N, P and K is. Especially nitrogen, are excluded, some beans, all plants is the most important plant nutrients. Water soluble nitrogen from the top surface of rak ¬ easily move into the deep, especially in the nitrogenous fertilizer granule of No-till farming on the soil surface is not given for any damage, but there are benefits.
As with nitrogen phosphorus potassium and quickly move to the depth of the soil does not wash. Potassium than phosphorus in particular, the wave ¬ ket is slow. Potassium and phosphorus applied to the surface long accepted in the first 10 cm soil layer. However, No-till farming in an ¬ more moisture in the soil surface is kept in the root zone of the plant when they are -
N, P and K near 13 pieces of plant nutrients than the second with the mad ¬ calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron mikroelementler As mentioned, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and chlorine is. Moreover, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in air is taken makta ¬.
Of non-agricultural and suitable for processing in October 2.4.7.Toprak Selection and Use of Machinery
No-till farming in the United States before 1960, the farmers, by modifying their existing equipment ¬ line shape of the seed drill had stubble. Some of them succeed and some fail in the day conditions remained. However, the No-till farming-related basic research has been completed, follow these techniques have been developed ¬ gun sowing machines. In particular, the United States today, couple of ¬ piss take much difficulty to select the types and brands in the No-till sowing machine face-Business conditions can make the appropriate selection and effective use the machine to some basic issues you should know -
2.4.7.1. Soil processing machine in October with the selection
Soil processing without sowing machine, pre-crop stubble and residues with no land in the fields covered by various foreign ot be done processing the seed ¬ infiltrate in the desired manner can be added to custom layouts and dona ¬ tılmış a sowing machine.
Field surface, prepared by conventional methods of seed bed, the organic is now covered with more wet or more can be tough.
Soil processing machine with non-planting exercise machine October are important differences between the 3 ¬.
1 - Soil processing and high strength without heavy machinery or ¬ pılmıştır October.
2 - One in front of each planter unit-foot cutter disc is inserted.
3 - Soil processing machine on the extra weight is why October. The weight of the machine because of the more than in October, the disc
tooling surface stubble cultivator farm leg as the bat enough to ensure the cut is now. Sometimes the tape on the front-duleli (fluted style), it will be very narrow band of planting soil is covered partly in the form of a strip.
2.4.7.2. Gereken October without Processing Machinery Transport of Soil Key Features
1 - Critical problems in a meadow covered with fields and stubble fields, surface solid and heavy enough to cut plant residues should be.
2 - Seeds of a very narrow strip is attached to the right job is ¬ lama. 5-7,5 cm width of this band under normal conditions, according to de ¬ rinliği soil moisture 7.5 - 15 cm is.
Seed, a uniform depth to a depth of pre-selected locations leştirilmelidir ¬.
Depth of seed placement, plant varieties, soil heat ¬ league, soil moisture status is effective in the primary seed-October maki ¬ s 2.5 - 7.5 cm depth in addition to be able to be adjusted.
4 - Tohum around, the ground must be supported and should be compressed.
Back off and the compression unit connected to the print job planter or a small wheel cover is provided with wheels is makta ¬. Germination of seeds to protect them from birds and kemirgenler ¬ compressed so the earth is essential. Compression reduces the air gap around the seed and soil, so moisture relations of seed provides sıyla ¬. To accelerate germination.
5 - Tohum a wide range of norms should be set as precise.
6 - Position may vary between olmalıdır.
No-till sowing machine must move among these fundamental features are like drugs, in addition to fertilizers and reputation-tab and herbisit) schemes are included in this transition process ¬ me of all can be done in combination can be turned into a machine.
These are the main organs to stubble sowing machine
Disk Keskinler (Coulters)
In practice, the most widely used are two types of disk cutter.
- Large surface ondüleli (fluted style)
- Narrow-toothed ondüleli surface type (ripple style)
A narrow strip of land than the narrow tip ondüleli process to cut the stubble better. Therefore, this type of disc cutter according to the type more commonly used as broad ondüleli are.
Disc cutter in the roof, the provision for setting the depth to move up, and again to the right, left ¬ must be set. Per disc for the disc cutter to bear enough of the 200-250 kg weight to drop an additional medical need. Especially large enough bat to ondüleli cutters have sharp edges ¬ sı is required. Varies between 360-460 mm of diameter. Results were better than 460 mm diameter.
- Ax feet (shone-type opener)
- The anchor leg (Chisel boot type opener)
- Double-disc (Double - disc opener) tip is made. 0 350-400 mm diameter disc Double disc cultivator should be standing.
Bat better now and with stubble on the ground in front of the accumulated deviation from the double-disc ¬ tirmemesi terms more widely used in drawn in opener.
Print Wheel (Press wheels)
Print wheels on each planter unit, or the only one drawn by a pair of decompressor is placed behind. Soil type and moisture according to the state of attachment that, in practice during the ¬-off and printing many different types of wheels are used. Some of the seed planting machines are placed in deep drawn off by a foot-high wheels of the planter through a change of lip ¬ ¬ lanmaktadır right. The same or larger diameter disc ¬ tion may be.
Ekici Units (planter Units)
Cultivator of the desired unit, is heavy and strong construction. ¬ separately connected to the roof unit in October to better depth control and uniform planting depth can be provided.
No-till planting in practice only one hard Sandikli machines (drills) are also very widely used.
No-till sowing machine compared with other sowing machines are more expensive ¬ tırıldığında. No-tl1! October machines used in agriculture has come to be used ¬, ¬ man sowing machines using conventional agriculture are used in No-till farming.
The following issues before buying dü ¬ şünmesinde utility operators are:
1) Business to be taken into account the special needs;
Business will be trained in plant type, soil structure, ahead of yo ¬ What goals of the machine for many plants, one plant should be considered prior to use.
2) Requirements for the size selection;
Withdrawal of no-till sowing machine speed is lower than other sowing machines. Therefore, according to business size and planting time, taking into account the most appropriate business should choose a machine width of the de ¬. October machines, the use of the cultivator feet sa ¬ yısı and control becomes difficult. Field is not the best leveling uneven and ordered more than 6 should be used sowing machine. It should be noted that 15 HP per foot. In this case, ordered a Turkey October 4 to the state machine and tractor power is more appropriate business structure.
3. SOYA and a new URUN EGYPT SECOND GENERATION TECHNIQUE - without AGRICULTURE SOIL PROCESSING
1960'h the first time in the U.S. at the beginning of the year to be starting to ¬ «stubble to the direct sowing technique» or any other de ¬ yişle «soil-free farming techniques processing» ¬ läsa a world increasingly common to find the application has started.
For years with the production or processing methods consuetudinary ¬ pan land to a business owner, land for various reasons if you think the process of migrating to non-farming technique, already enough information on the following touchwood ¬ ram must have:
l - the concept of territorial processing of non-farming techniques to understand better what ¬ s, are well understood. Wind and water erosion, whereas in agricultural soil without processing at a rate of 95-99% can be reduced ..
3.1. Low Production Costs for
In particular, low job width and plow the stubble dü ¬ disrupt the pace because of common large fuel consumption and wear and tear as well as the handler bodies frequently, often need a renewal cost is high ¬ tiğinden machine. Soil-free processing of this high land ta ¬ rımda to avoid the cost of processing. In particular, fuel prices rising every day leads to the search for new farmers. Especially after the 1973 oil oats ¬ kri has accelerated these trends further.
3.2. Enhancing Production Activities
The importance of timing is the big agricultural enterprises. In particular, 2nd Even one day in the production of products is important. Kla drill in October works ¬ fuck type soil preparation is a significant time loss. Reduced in non-agricultural lands are being processed and used sowing machine is processing a large width to allow fast was ¬.
In 1966, the first U.S. ALLIS Chalmers Company began marketing the stubble seeder produce the series. Is currently in Turkey to meet these needs directly sowing machines do not have a stubble, soybean and corn stubble in the research stage to the October sında ¬.
3.3. Benefits of the Second Non-Agricultural Soil Processing
As previously described benefits such as no-till farming is based;
- Soil conservation,
- Energy-saving,
- Time and labor savings
Besides this method of application of the business owners also benefit from other advantages that are seen.
These benefits;
- Machinery costs reduction,
- Marginal areas for assessment of the native-born,
- The second product is the possibility to grow
- The preservation of soil moisture,
- Soil is the reduction of congestion.
3.3.1. Machine to Reduce Costs of
No-till farming methods to the left of the mean soil processing, soil, or if there is not the use of processing equipment to receive a new means. Price each passing year, increasing soil processing equipment and spare parts s ¬ operate to mean ¬ me to be invested in capital. Especially young people who start a new job with the operating capital for a significant amount of land allocated to the processing equipment is not is a big advantage. No-till method of choosing a business owner;
- Tractor,
To-stubble and sowing machine
- Atomiser from soil preparation, planting and maintenance operations that do not need a machine for the other. Harvesting machines are the same in both systems want.
Agricultural operations forces captured the greatest need for the plow with the riding and other lands ¬ permeate what processing equipment ¬ niyle occur in the soil out of processing circuits require the use of tractors, this will not load ¬. Depth of processing and processing with plow connected to the type of soil as required is 25 HP per lak ¬ ku, No-till farming machinery in the stubble on October 15 HP per foot is good enough
3.3.2. Evaluation of Marginal Fields
Production costs will decrease some farmers to make agriculture the previous assessment able to think of some areas will not. For example;
- Pick-processing method is applied soil erosion due to rain will be working on or heavy leveling up areas, with slopes require leaving an empty space due to ¬ hot terrace costs can be assessed.
Soil depth is less because of hard layer near the soil surface that is not working ¬ plow with plow for the wedding device re ¬ evaluated the possibility to leave are available.
3.3.3. The second product of the Training Opportunities
The second most important issue in product time to grow wheat harvest because of the short ¬ league of seed after the additional time is to be lost. As no-till method of re ¬ processing device to remove the front of the October 2nd can provide space to extend ¬ s October product. Moreover, early October, the first harvest, to prevent effects of rainfall.
3.3.4. Soil Moisture Protection
Therefore, soil moisture-free processing of agricultural lands 3 provides better protection:
1 - Soil sub-top is left without radiation effects is less evaporation. Moreover, now the shadow of plants and soil level yu ¬ layer due malç that protect the soil from direct light to reduce evaporation and partly caktır ¬.
2 - Soil type, structure varies according to the organic section is now working with field capacity of soil to hold water in the amount of the processed field capacity of soil to the amount of water is greater because No-net method to grieve ¬ rint the land to farming and more organic materials are rich.
3 - Standing on the remaining stubble and plant residues malç way better amount of rain and snow and rainfall in the shape of more tar ¬ LADA can provide moisture to accumulate.
3.3.5. Reduction of Soil Sıkışıklığı
Clayey-sandy soils, especially clay and some heavy equipment and more every year than traffic plow fields, then the base ¬ (plow pan, hard pan) can cause the formation.
If you have any other reason that the stone base stone top soil generally solid base pan to come, drawn base heavy equipment in wet conditions that node ¬ ¬ ya come during work. Hard layer was formed in soil, especially soya, cotton etc. be sufficient for the development of deep-rooted plants mamaktadır ¬ stakes. Horizontal rather than vertical root root development ¬ rülmekte breast development, the potential yield is reduced.
This hard layer, the time it is breaking new dipkazanlarla equipment, energy consumption and high power tractors to create reksinimi ¬ ge.
4. And IMPORTANCE OF SECOND PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
In a year defined as receiving more than one product, first of all, the ecological conditions of the second product of the agricultural suitability ¬ what is optional. Culture period ¬ knows is just the right temperature, just the second product in soil grown in effectiveness tirilebilmektedir ¬.
Agriculture in Turkey is the second product that can be done in the Aegean region, Ak ¬ sea and can be irrigated by The Southeastern Anatolia Region are defined area. The second product in the region near-term potential for the production area is estimated as 300 000 ha. 400 000 ha in the long term target has been identified as.
Soy, corn, peanut, sesame rice v.b. The second product to be grown this summer in the entire field for a moment think soy is grown tirildiği ¬;
(300 000 ha x 2 000 kg / ha) / 1000 = 600 000 tons of soy would be obtained. In 1983 the average price of soybean 60 TL / kg was to be made to gross national income contributed by Guna ¬ 36 billion TL will be quicksilver rında ¬.
Soybean production areas in recent years, the amount and efficiency are given in the following table.
October Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield (kg / da)
2000 15 000 44 500 297
2001 17 000 50 000 294
2002 23 000 75 000 326
2003 23 000 75 000 326
Source: FAO (2003)
Agricultural products will be provided to the second common ¬ rarlar are:
1 - Get two products in one year, investment in irrigation services may be provided to take advantage of more space,
2 - oil-seed production by increasing the expenditure on vegetable oils with the right ¬ Import minimize its foreign exchange savings can,
3 - The predicted improvements in animal husbandry to achieve one of the factors that gelleyen ¬ ¬ on protein and carbohydrate can be provided to cover part of,
4 - Continuous mono culture of cotton on cotton because of the re-establishment of balance and especially the perishable nature of soybean cultivation on soil nitrogen gain significant nitrogenous fertilizer to use for its next plant may be reduced,
5 - Irrigated areas are used more by the labor part of the reduction of unemployment, industry sectors and stock in the new employment opportunities can be provided,
6 - diversification of agricultural products and our people can be provided better nutrition,
7 - National income and this will provide benefits to the farmers' income can be increased.
Our second product agricultural production potential, the second product in the summer and winter period can be divided into two groups to investigate.
written in the second product period: Aegean, Mediterranean and Southeast Main ¬ full regions are irrigated wheat-barley harvest in the fields of agriculture ¬ June 15-November 15 after 135 days between dates in ¬ luxury;
- Soya,
- Grain corn,
- Peanut,
- Sesame,
- Rice,
- Query and
- Sunflower agriculture is likely to be done.
Research it is possible that this show is ¬. And production of agricultural products, especially as the second maximum concentration in the Çukurova region, soybean, sweet corn and peanut production areas last year and total production of each major development in the tar ¬ Mik is right.
2 pearl product in the winter period: Cotton sowing before, mid-November covering the 150-day period in mid-April;
- Turfanda potatoes,
- Broad Beans,
- Fiğ and
- Cole agriculture is likely to be done.
In the Çukurova region, the summer period until the second ge ¬ products in niche areas is not 2 pearl cotton before turfa as the product of the ¬ or potatoes, beans and some of winter vegetables (lettuce, leek, ISPA ¬ nak) are produced. Research and publication on October rape some studies are being carried -
2 Turkey's full potential as a pearl product to be taken for the benefit of measures ¬ lanmak ranked in the following manner ¬ you can:
1 - Seed will solve the problem, seed production and to ¬ humluk preparation, storage systems that need improvement must ¬. In particular, soy and corn seeds to provide a way to still totally dependent on outside of this path is being tracked, provided a significant portion of national income ¬ Lanai to take it again.
2 - Production 2 pearl product in the field use appropriate technology should be widely ¬ lanımının. In particular, such as sweet corn and soybean farmers is relatively new and not enough information published about this very important work should should ¬. Project initiated in 1981 with the release about soy are also very important ¬ success has been achieved. University and Research Institute alınan ¬ research results have also shown that the publication should continue to work more effectively.
3 - will be rainy, especially in the drying problems could go ¬ necessary measures should be taken of. Especially on corn, peanut and soybean are important.
4 - Credit and resolve bottlenecks in the marketing of me is ¬. This product is a period of more government support is required.
5 - The second product in the oil industry operates outside of the product will be evaluated in the food industry as di ¬ OTHER ¬ resurrection should encourage investment.
6 - that will provide energy savings in production, harvest to minimize the loss ¬ s, soil processing, sowing, maintenance and harvesting of the new technology, applications sis ¬ tem ¬ gü to farmers of our country should be transferred to nude day.
In Turkey in 1981 is subject to the application project 2 pearl products, some progress has been made so far. We do research, field studies and observations according to the second product in the production of soybean and corn seed bed ready ¬ league and planting system that save time, business acceleration and energy saving technology for new applications, ge ¬ reksinme were. Mainly to the United States and Argentina in the second product Brezil ¬ or decrease in the production of soy and corn stubble or directly to the October planting works soil tılmış ¬ ¬ Sundanese issues important innovations have been obtained.
b) October before or before germination herbisitler some effective rezidüel
Below is a list of data processing with herbisitlerin soil penetrates into the top ¬ rak, there is no need to. They should be applied before seed germination. These rains are beneficial to the root zone of these washed down ¬ an important right, the deeper roots of the grass roots contact with foreigners is effective.
Check the Foreign Herbs Effective Herbisit Article
One year and one-year broad-leafed fescue Atrazine and
One year and one-year broad-leafed fescue Bicep and
One year and one large-leafed fescue Bladex of annual
Dual single annual meadow grass to the majority of
Broad-leaf and some plains Dyanop
Laso single annual meadow grass and
Broad-leaf and some plains Lorox,
One year of broad-leaf and some plains Princep
Many of meadow and some large single-year Prowel to blade
One year and some broad-leafed fescue to Ramrod
One year and some broad-leafed fescue Surflan to
After germination Herbisitler
Check the Foreign Egypt Herbisit Herbs
One year of broad-leaf and some plains Atrazin
Broad-leafed and Banvel
One year and some broad-leafed fescue Bicep and
Bladex One year of broad-leafed, meadow herbs
The majority of dual fescue
One year of Lasso fescue
Broad-leaf and some herbs Lorax
Prowl single annual herbs
Ramrod single annual herbs
Of 2,4-D large-leafed
Check the Foreign Herbisit Soya Herbs
Broad-leafed and Basagran
Balzer of large-leafed
Hoelon Çayır herbs
Paraquat Çayır herbs
Broad-leafed herbs and meadow Premerge
Most of the meadow grass and broad-leafed roundup
Sensor / Loxone broad-leafed, and most of the fescue
Non-Agricultural Processing 2.4.6.Toprak Fertilization
Soil-free processing of agricultural development in many years, researchers and farmers, especially in terms of fertilization of this system would create many problems were put forward-Fertilizer was mixed into the soil and the root license ¬ or rılması a bit deeper into the defense when the need is absolutely. Since producers outside of the system adopted in the fertilizer used and the needle ¬ in this manner is in ¬ sink into the soil. Surface to be taken to the fertilizer plant from which to measure benefit is questionable ¬ knows. Soil processing agricultural development without the fertilization of the soil level ¬ yu is not objectionable, but is understood to have advantages ba ¬ zi.
However, fertilizer application and land used in agriculture without processing system implemented between need to know there are some fundamental differences. Therefore, the following will focus on two issues:
1 - No-till farming to conventional farming systems in the differences in the separates,
2 - No-till agriculture in the samples taken from soil and lime to control and pH'sının Top ¬ rak
2.4.6.1. Fertilization of agricultural lands to non-conventional processing ¬ rak Embroidered Top of Agriculture Ayıran Points
Difference in these two methods of fertilization are due to two main reasons. These are:
a - soil micro-environment, b - is the application method.
No-till farming on soil micro-environment, soil environment is different from works that are deposited in ¬ field. Because this system is covered with soil organic matter yu ¬ zeyi more moisture on the surface of soil can be kept, so the soil temperature is lower and land is less than take-off is not working (insufficient, but less). Organic matter in what some physical properties of soil change niyle ¬ fertilizer in the soil will affect the format.
Buying way fertilizer is distributed to the soil surface, with ku lak ¬ plow or other earth with processing tools are embedded into soil can be mixed No-till farming system is not functioning in the territory of the nature of an enforcement notice to quit or ¬ Tayan.
Example of the received and 2.4.6.2.Toprak Soil pH'sı
As with other farming No-till farming methods in soil samples taken periodically and the soil pH status in the status of ¬ mel nutrients must be continuously controlled. Every two or three years the benefit has to be an example. Example To get the most appropriate time is after the harvest. No-till systems to identify the amount of lime in the soil and pH'sı eg the first 5 cm from soil surface to be reklidir ¬ ge. Phosphorus and potassium can be designated for in up to 10-20 cm.
No-till farming in the top two reasons described below 6.0 or above must be kept pH'sı ¬ rak. Because;
1 - especially acid character fertilizers (nitrogenous fertilizers, produce, etc.) in time for the nutrients of soil acidity to be extended must be rise, plant growth will be affected as I ¬ strain.
2 - Research results based on the findings obtained in a low soil pH conditions sı No-till farming is important for «triazine» with effective substance herbisitlerden «Atrazine and simazine» events are lost. In some other effective substance in acid soils have shown similar changes.
Appropriate amount of lime to soil with low soil should pH'sı ¬ can be corrected by me. No-till agriculture in particular, a manufacturer's new head field layacak ¬ lime in the soil is low pH'sı ¬ seeking lenme decal on it should be 6 ¬ must.
Primary nutrients are important for plant N, P and K is. Especially nitrogen, are excluded, some beans, all plants is the most important plant nutrients. Water soluble nitrogen from the top surface of rak ¬ easily move into the deep, especially in the nitrogenous fertilizer granule of No-till farming on the soil surface is not given for any damage, but there are benefits.
As with nitrogen phosphorus potassium and quickly move to the depth of the soil does not wash. Potassium than phosphorus in particular, the wave ¬ ket is slow. Potassium and phosphorus applied to the surface long accepted in the first 10 cm soil layer. However, No-till farming in an ¬ more moisture in the soil surface is kept in the root zone of the plant when they are -
N, P and K near 13 pieces of plant nutrients than the second with the mad ¬ calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron mikroelementler As mentioned, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and chlorine is. Moreover, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in air is taken makta ¬.
Of non-agricultural and suitable for processing in October 2.4.7.Toprak Selection and Use of Machinery
No-till farming in the United States before 1960, the farmers, by modifying their existing equipment ¬ line shape of the seed drill had stubble. Some of them succeed and some fail in the day conditions remained. However, the No-till farming-related basic research has been completed, follow these techniques have been developed ¬ gun sowing machines. In particular, the United States today, couple of ¬ piss take much difficulty to select the types and brands in the No-till sowing machine face-Business conditions can make the appropriate selection and effective use the machine to some basic issues you should know -
2.4.7.1. Soil processing machine in October with the selection
Soil processing without sowing machine, pre-crop stubble and residues with no land in the fields covered by various foreign ot be done processing the seed ¬ infiltrate in the desired manner can be added to custom layouts and dona ¬ tılmış a sowing machine.
Field surface, prepared by conventional methods of seed bed, the organic is now covered with more wet or more can be tough.
Soil processing machine with non-planting exercise machine October are important differences between the 3 ¬.
1 - Soil processing and high strength without heavy machinery or ¬ pılmıştır October.
2 - One in front of each planter unit-foot cutter disc is inserted.
3 - Soil processing machine on the extra weight is why October. The weight of the machine because of the more than in October, the disc
tooling surface stubble cultivator farm leg as the bat enough to ensure the cut is now. Sometimes the tape on the front-duleli (fluted style), it will be very narrow band of planting soil is covered partly in the form of a strip.
2.4.7.2. Gereken October without Processing Machinery Transport of Soil Key Features
1 - Critical problems in a meadow covered with fields and stubble fields, surface solid and heavy enough to cut plant residues should be.
2 - Seeds of a very narrow strip is attached to the right job is ¬ lama. 5-7,5 cm width of this band under normal conditions, according to de ¬ rinliği soil moisture 7.5 - 15 cm is.
Seed, a uniform depth to a depth of pre-selected locations leştirilmelidir ¬.
Depth of seed placement, plant varieties, soil heat ¬ league, soil moisture status is effective in the primary seed-October maki ¬ s 2.5 - 7.5 cm depth in addition to be able to be adjusted.
4 - Tohum around, the ground must be supported and should be compressed.
Back off and the compression unit connected to the print job planter or a small wheel cover is provided with wheels is makta ¬. Germination of seeds to protect them from birds and kemirgenler ¬ compressed so the earth is essential. Compression reduces the air gap around the seed and soil, so moisture relations of seed provides sıyla ¬. To accelerate germination.
5 - Tohum a wide range of norms should be set as precise.
6 - Position may vary between olmalıdır.
No-till sowing machine must move among these fundamental features are like drugs, in addition to fertilizers and reputation-tab and herbisit) schemes are included in this transition process ¬ me of all can be done in combination can be turned into a machine.
These are the main organs to stubble sowing machine
Disk Keskinler (Coulters)
In practice, the most widely used are two types of disk cutter.
- Large surface ondüleli (fluted style)
- Narrow-toothed ondüleli surface type (ripple style)
A narrow strip of land than the narrow tip ondüleli process to cut the stubble better. Therefore, this type of disc cutter according to the type more commonly used as broad ondüleli are.
Disc cutter in the roof, the provision for setting the depth to move up, and again to the right, left ¬ must be set. Per disc for the disc cutter to bear enough of the 200-250 kg weight to drop an additional medical need. Especially large enough bat to ondüleli cutters have sharp edges ¬ sı is required. Varies between 360-460 mm of diameter. Results were better than 460 mm diameter.
- Ax feet (shone-type opener)
- The anchor leg (Chisel boot type opener)
- Double-disc (Double - disc opener) tip is made. 0 350-400 mm diameter disc Double disc cultivator should be standing.
Bat better now and with stubble on the ground in front of the accumulated deviation from the double-disc ¬ tirmemesi terms more widely used in drawn in opener.
Print Wheel (Press wheels)
Print wheels on each planter unit, or the only one drawn by a pair of decompressor is placed behind. Soil type and moisture according to the state of attachment that, in practice during the ¬-off and printing many different types of wheels are used. Some of the seed planting machines are placed in deep drawn off by a foot-high wheels of the planter through a change of lip ¬ ¬ lanmaktadır right. The same or larger diameter disc ¬ tion may be.
Ekici Units (planter Units)
Cultivator of the desired unit, is heavy and strong construction. ¬ separately connected to the roof unit in October to better depth control and uniform planting depth can be provided.
No-till planting in practice only one hard Sandikli machines (drills) are also very widely used.
No-till sowing machine compared with other sowing machines are more expensive ¬ tırıldığında. No-tl1! October machines used in agriculture has come to be used ¬, ¬ man sowing machines using conventional agriculture are used in No-till farming.
The following issues before buying dü ¬ şünmesinde utility operators are:
1) Business to be taken into account the special needs;
Business will be trained in plant type, soil structure, ahead of yo ¬ What goals of the machine for many plants, one plant should be considered prior to use.
2) Requirements for the size selection;
Withdrawal of no-till sowing machine speed is lower than other sowing machines. Therefore, according to business size and planting time, taking into account the most appropriate business should choose a machine width of the de ¬. October machines, the use of the cultivator feet sa ¬ yısı and control becomes difficult. Field is not the best leveling uneven and ordered more than 6 should be used sowing machine. It should be noted that 15 HP per foot. In this case, ordered a Turkey October 4 to the state machine and tractor power is more appropriate business structure.
3. SOYA and a new URUN EGYPT SECOND GENERATION TECHNIQUE - without AGRICULTURE SOIL PROCESSING
1960'h the first time in the U.S. at the beginning of the year to be starting to ¬ «stubble to the direct sowing technique» or any other de ¬ yişle «soil-free farming techniques processing» ¬ läsa a world increasingly common to find the application has started.
For years with the production or processing methods consuetudinary ¬ pan land to a business owner, land for various reasons if you think the process of migrating to non-farming technique, already enough information on the following touchwood ¬ ram must have:
l - the concept of territorial processing of non-farming techniques to understand better what ¬ s, are well understood. Wind and water erosion, whereas in agricultural soil without processing at a rate of 95-99% can be reduced ..
3.1. Low Production Costs for
In particular, low job width and plow the stubble dü ¬ disrupt the pace because of common large fuel consumption and wear and tear as well as the handler bodies frequently, often need a renewal cost is high ¬ tiğinden machine. Soil-free processing of this high land ta ¬ rımda to avoid the cost of processing. In particular, fuel prices rising every day leads to the search for new farmers. Especially after the 1973 oil oats ¬ kri has accelerated these trends further.
3.2. Enhancing Production Activities
The importance of timing is the big agricultural enterprises. In particular, 2nd Even one day in the production of products is important. Kla drill in October works ¬ fuck type soil preparation is a significant time loss. Reduced in non-agricultural lands are being processed and used sowing machine is processing a large width to allow fast was ¬.
In 1966, the first U.S. ALLIS Chalmers Company began marketing the stubble seeder produce the series. Is currently in Turkey to meet these needs directly sowing machines do not have a stubble, soybean and corn stubble in the research stage to the October sında ¬.
3.3. Benefits of the Second Non-Agricultural Soil Processing
As previously described benefits such as no-till farming is based;
- Soil conservation,
- Energy-saving,
- Time and labor savings
Besides this method of application of the business owners also benefit from other advantages that are seen.
These benefits;
- Machinery costs reduction,
- Marginal areas for assessment of the native-born,
- The second product is the possibility to grow
- The preservation of soil moisture,
- Soil is the reduction of congestion.
3.3.1. Machine to Reduce Costs of
No-till farming methods to the left of the mean soil processing, soil, or if there is not the use of processing equipment to receive a new means. Price each passing year, increasing soil processing equipment and spare parts s ¬ operate to mean ¬ me to be invested in capital. Especially young people who start a new job with the operating capital for a significant amount of land allocated to the processing equipment is not is a big advantage. No-till method of choosing a business owner;
- Tractor,
To-stubble and sowing machine
- Atomiser from soil preparation, planting and maintenance operations that do not need a machine for the other. Harvesting machines are the same in both systems want.
Agricultural operations forces captured the greatest need for the plow with the riding and other lands ¬ permeate what processing equipment ¬ niyle occur in the soil out of processing circuits require the use of tractors, this will not load ¬. Depth of processing and processing with plow connected to the type of soil as required is 25 HP per lak ¬ ku, No-till farming machinery in the stubble on October 15 HP per foot is good enough
3.3.2. Evaluation of Marginal Fields
Production costs will decrease some farmers to make agriculture the previous assessment able to think of some areas will not. For example;
- Pick-processing method is applied soil erosion due to rain will be working on or heavy leveling up areas, with slopes require leaving an empty space due to ¬ hot terrace costs can be assessed.
Soil depth is less because of hard layer near the soil surface that is not working ¬ plow with plow for the wedding device re ¬ evaluated the possibility to leave are available.
3.3.3. The second product of the Training Opportunities
The second most important issue in product time to grow wheat harvest because of the short ¬ league of seed after the additional time is to be lost. As no-till method of re ¬ processing device to remove the front of the October 2nd can provide space to extend ¬ s October product. Moreover, early October, the first harvest, to prevent effects of rainfall.
3.3.4. Soil Moisture Protection
Therefore, soil moisture-free processing of agricultural lands 3 provides better protection:
1 - Soil sub-top is left without radiation effects is less evaporation. Moreover, now the shadow of plants and soil level yu ¬ layer due malç that protect the soil from direct light to reduce evaporation and partly caktır ¬.
2 - Soil type, structure varies according to the organic section is now working with field capacity of soil to hold water in the amount of the processed field capacity of soil to the amount of water is greater because No-net method to grieve ¬ rint the land to farming and more organic materials are rich.
3 - Standing on the remaining stubble and plant residues malç way better amount of rain and snow and rainfall in the shape of more tar ¬ LADA can provide moisture to accumulate.
3.3.5. Reduction of Soil Sıkışıklığı
Clayey-sandy soils, especially clay and some heavy equipment and more every year than traffic plow fields, then the base ¬ (plow pan, hard pan) can cause the formation.
If you have any other reason that the stone base stone top soil generally solid base pan to come, drawn base heavy equipment in wet conditions that node ¬ ¬ ya come during work. Hard layer was formed in soil, especially soya, cotton etc. be sufficient for the development of deep-rooted plants mamaktadır ¬ stakes. Horizontal rather than vertical root root development ¬ rülmekte breast development, the potential yield is reduced.
This hard layer, the time it is breaking new dipkazanlarla equipment, energy consumption and high power tractors to create reksinimi ¬ ge.
4. And IMPORTANCE OF SECOND PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
In a year defined as receiving more than one product, first of all, the ecological conditions of the second product of the agricultural suitability ¬ what is optional. Culture period ¬ knows is just the right temperature, just the second product in soil grown in effectiveness tirilebilmektedir ¬.
Agriculture in Turkey is the second product that can be done in the Aegean region, Ak ¬ sea and can be irrigated by The Southeastern Anatolia Region are defined area. The second product in the region near-term potential for the production area is estimated as 300 000 ha. 400 000 ha in the long term target has been identified as.
Soy, corn, peanut, sesame rice v.b. The second product to be grown this summer in the entire field for a moment think soy is grown tirildiği ¬;
(300 000 ha x 2 000 kg / ha) / 1000 = 600 000 tons of soy would be obtained. In 1983 the average price of soybean 60 TL / kg was to be made to gross national income contributed by Guna ¬ 36 billion TL will be quicksilver rında ¬.
Soybean production areas in recent years, the amount and efficiency are given in the following table.
October Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield (kg / da)
2000 15 000 44 500 297
2001 17 000 50 000 294
2002 23 000 75 000 326
2003 23 000 75 000 326
Source: FAO (2003)
Agricultural products will be provided to the second common ¬ rarlar are:
1 - Get two products in one year, investment in irrigation services may be provided to take advantage of more space,
2 - oil-seed production by increasing the expenditure on vegetable oils with the right ¬ Import minimize its foreign exchange savings can,
3 - The predicted improvements in animal husbandry to achieve one of the factors that gelleyen ¬ ¬ on protein and carbohydrate can be provided to cover part of,
4 - Continuous mono culture of cotton on cotton because of the re-establishment of balance and especially the perishable nature of soybean cultivation on soil nitrogen gain significant nitrogenous fertilizer to use for its next plant may be reduced,
5 - Irrigated areas are used more by the labor part of the reduction of unemployment, industry sectors and stock in the new employment opportunities can be provided,
6 - diversification of agricultural products and our people can be provided better nutrition,
7 - National income and this will provide benefits to the farmers' income can be increased.
Our second product agricultural production potential, the second product in the summer and winter period can be divided into two groups to investigate.
written in the second product period: Aegean, Mediterranean and Southeast Main ¬ full regions are irrigated wheat-barley harvest in the fields of agriculture ¬ June 15-November 15 after 135 days between dates in ¬ luxury;
- Soya,
- Grain corn,
- Peanut,
- Sesame,
- Rice,
- Query and
- Sunflower agriculture is likely to be done.
Research it is possible that this show is ¬. And production of agricultural products, especially as the second maximum concentration in the Çukurova region, soybean, sweet corn and peanut production areas last year and total production of each major development in the tar ¬ Mik is right.
2 pearl product in the winter period: Cotton sowing before, mid-November covering the 150-day period in mid-April;
- Turfanda potatoes,
- Broad Beans,
- Fiğ and
- Cole agriculture is likely to be done.
In the Çukurova region, the summer period until the second ge ¬ products in niche areas is not 2 pearl cotton before turfa as the product of the ¬ or potatoes, beans and some of winter vegetables (lettuce, leek, ISPA ¬ nak) are produced. Research and publication on October rape some studies are being carried -
2 Turkey's full potential as a pearl product to be taken for the benefit of measures ¬ lanmak ranked in the following manner ¬ you can:
1 - Seed will solve the problem, seed production and to ¬ humluk preparation, storage systems that need improvement must ¬. In particular, soy and corn seeds to provide a way to still totally dependent on outside of this path is being tracked, provided a significant portion of national income ¬ Lanai to take it again.
2 - Production 2 pearl product in the field use appropriate technology should be widely ¬ lanımının. In particular, such as sweet corn and soybean farmers is relatively new and not enough information published about this very important work should should ¬. Project initiated in 1981 with the release about soy are also very important ¬ success has been achieved. University and Research Institute alınan ¬ research results have also shown that the publication should continue to work more effectively.
3 - will be rainy, especially in the drying problems could go ¬ necessary measures should be taken of. Especially on corn, peanut and soybean are important.
4 - Credit and resolve bottlenecks in the marketing of me is ¬. This product is a period of more government support is required.
5 - The second product in the oil industry operates outside of the product will be evaluated in the food industry as di ¬ OTHER ¬ resurrection should encourage investment.
6 - that will provide energy savings in production, harvest to minimize the loss ¬ s, soil processing, sowing, maintenance and harvesting of the new technology, applications sis ¬ tem ¬ gü to farmers of our country should be transferred to nude day.
In Turkey in 1981 is subject to the application project 2 pearl products, some progress has been made so far. We do research, field studies and observations according to the second product in the production of soybean and corn seed bed ready ¬ league and planting system that save time, business acceleration and energy saving technology for new applications, ge ¬ reksinme were. Mainly to the United States and Argentina in the second product Brezil ¬ or decrease in the production of soy and corn stubble or directly to the October planting works soil tılmış ¬ ¬ Sundanese issues important innovations have been obtained.
