The idea of the food will be the year of the next century, balanced and adequate nutrition concerns with obtaining more production per unit area than the study have been accelerated,
In this respect poultry industry has been advantageous. Years before moving here with the model of industrial farming in this area have been developed and has become a multi-sectoral services.
• The world population is over 6 billion and continues to increase rapidly.
• The population is fed in adequate and balanced levels of giving up their traditional agricultural methods have been entered into the quest for new, different methods being tested.
• Research in a shorter period, higher quality and greater quantities of products intended to reach.
• However, these new methods along with the problem of safe food for human health also has brought.
Especially in developed countries, people and raise awareness about this growing trend with a return to natural, healthy diet increases the sensitivity to provide food security is gaining more importance. Statement set out here with the organic farming and agricultural production model has been developed.
Properties of Organic Agriculture
Organic farming, vegetable or animal production in order to do this without disrupting the balance of nature in the appropriate ecology, without the use of artificial chemical inputs,
only cultural measures, biological control and organic farming is a form of an origin by using inputs.
The purpose of organic agriculture
Soil and water resources without polluting the environment with the air, plant, animal and human health is protected.
Organic agriculture,
► dealt with crop production, the
• Soil-plant, plant-animal and animal-soil to the creation of interdependence between,
• improvement of soil organic matter,
• ensure that plants must meet the nutritional needs,
Agricultural production systems to create a balance ► katkıdabulunmalı,
► biological diversity should be encouraged.
Organic agriculture,
• Modern agriculture Unlike ekstansif is an agricultural system.
• Yields are lower than modern methods.
• Organic agriculture is more than one product in a production model
upbringing that is growing between polikültür.
• Modern farming is the only product (mono-culture) model
is dominant.
• Organic farming businesses in the energy conversion and
self-sufficiency is essential.
• In other words used in the production of the first business entry
through provision are targeted.
• For this reason, animal and plant production in a business
call must be made.
Organic agriculture,
• The manufactured products are proprietary products.
• Organic is approved and they are registered.
• Organic products that have been registered as organic is written on the label.
• Organic products are produced as output is lower.
• However, the sale price is higher than the product.
Organic Farming Organic livestock animal production;
Animal manure must meet the requirements ►,
► fodder crops and the use of legumes,
The long-term protection and ► pasture improvement should provide. Organic livestock, the type and race in the selection
Local conditions are taken into consideration ►,
► naturally resistant to disease type and attention to the race selection
is.
• Organic animal husbandry in
Organic farming methods in the production ► brought businesses,
► completely fed with organic feed,
► genetically unmodified,
► environment, climate conditions and disease-resistant animals
is used as breeders.
• for the production of eggs from the chickens can not be over 18 weeks.
They leave the farm as they arrive • Etlik chicken from the three-day
should be smaller.
Organic Animal Production in the Poultry Farming
Organic animal care and housing of poultry production structure of the poultry barns are as follows.
From construction materials to build a cluster of ► sanitary should,
Biological conditions of animals and racial ► cluster must meet the requirements.
Easy access to feed and water should be able ► Animals.
► insulation of buildings, heating and ventilation air flow, dust level, temperature, relative humidity and gas concentration limits will not harm animals
should be to keep within.
► a very good way of building natural air and light should be able to enter.
Building on the type of animal in the animal ► intensity, depending on the locker and age to be comfortable and in good condition should be to provide.
Optimum density of animals and natural animal ► comfortably as they can stand, they can easily lie, they can return, they can clean themselves, such as stretching and wing flapping can do all the natural movements must be sufficiently large to ensure availability.
And should be grown in a natural grassland ► poultry can not be kept in cages.
Comfort or hygiene conditions of animal ► water birds due to climate conditions permit, whenever it into streams, ponds or lakes should be able to access.
All conditions must meet the following minimum poultry barns.
Minimum three-piece or one ► not even surface in the structure must be screened and stem-straw, sawdust, sand or short must be covered with materials such as grass.
Buildings divided into chicken eggs ► chickens in a large part of the ground should be suitable for stool collection.
Poultry and poultry, the size of the group ► proportional to the size of the perch should be.
► according to the size of Poultry entry / exit holes and the holes must be a finned housing for the each 100 m2 must have a minimum total of 4 m in total length.
► more of the following animal shelters each wing should not host.
• 4800 pieces chicken
• 3000 hen eggs
• 5200 pieces of chicken africa
• 4000 One of the female Muscovy or Peking duck
• 3200 men or other ducks Muscovy or Pekin duck
• 2500 units of the rooster, goose or turkey
Production units located in any of ► the total available space for the production of poultry housing should not exceed 1600 m2.
► addition to natural light in chicken eggs a day to guarantee a maximum 16 hours of artificial lighting available light, but without artificial lighting should be applied a minimum of eight hours rest period.
In cases where the climatic conditions allow ► poultry to open-air shelter and possible cases should be the minimum one-third of their lives in this situation should be applied.
► The vegetation mostly open-air shelters should be covered with protective facilities must have a sufficient number of animals in the water and feed troughs should allow access to them.
Interval between each wing Grown ► Groups of animals in the building must be evacuated for health reasons. In the meantime, buildings and installations should be cleaned and disinfected.
► In addition, each wing groups to bring up is complete, open-air shelters due to health reasons vegetation re-development opportunities can be left blank
should be given.
► Control and / or certification organization, the shelter should be left empty and decisions will determine the period will be reported to the Committee. These requirements are not kept in shelters and navigate freely throughout the day in small amounts will not be applied to birds.
Health of poultry and veterinary intervention
Organic animal production animal health and veterinary intervention in the rules is as follows.
► organic animal husbandry, the animals' genetic structure can not be changed and modified organisms and genetic structure of these products produced by organic farming methods are not suitable for organic livestock production can not be used as inputs.
Gene technology and methods in animal breeding ► allowed.
► Antibiotics, koksidiyostatikler and other artificial substances or other purposes, helping to grow the use of hormones or similar substances
is prohibited.
Nevertheless, as a therapeutic application ► hormones can be applied on a single animal.
► Gaga cutting, methods such as plucking the wings do not apply.
Resistance against diseases and infections ► strengthening in terms of prevention of all kinds necessary measures should be taken according to need.
Organic agriculture practices veterinary medicine in accordance with the following principles should be.
► received treatment on the animal species therapeutic effects is available and treatment is appropriate for the conditions, provided that the chemical composition of drug administration, instead of excerpts from plants and plant extracts, such as herbal remedies, plant, animal or mineral ingredients sourced products, such as homeopathy and trace substances and products should be used.
► mentioned above, the use of substances with the disease or injury in the fight against insufficient or likely to be insufficient, and the suffering of animals is necessary to avoid treatment in cases where responsibility for veterinary medicines in the chemical composition or antibiotics are available.
Preventive treatment with the chemical composition ► veterinary drugs or antibiotics use is strictly prohibited.
Production unit in an area where ► particular in the emergence of a disease, veterinary medicine can be used that provide immunity.
Veterinary medicine be used when the diagnostic ► topic, posolojisi, intervention methods, duration of treatment and medication used in conjunction with the legal duration of interruption type of product should be recorded clearly.
Animals or animal products ► marketed as organic products, this situation before the control and / or certification bodies must be reported to. Treated animals, cattle in the individual, individually or grouped in poultry and small ruminants should be clearly defined as.
► An animal under normal circumstances, the veterinary medicine with the date of the last application of organic products from these animals to be obtained on the interval between cessation of the drug-defined period will be twice or unspecified period of cessation cases will be 48 hours.
► vaccination practices, parasite treatment, an animal or animal group within a year, more than two or three times the maximum chemical composition of veterinary medicine or
In case of application of antibiotics, these animals or products derived from animals produced in accordance with the regulation of product attribute
can not be sold and control and / or certification bodies and the consent of the committee's agreement to the terms of the transition will be.
► egg production, synthetic drugs were given within 5 days can not be sold as organic products.
Poultry and egg yolk eggs ► to increase the quality or synthetic materials and natural non-regulatory methods are not available.
Poultry business in the buildings, equipment cleaning and disinfecting products for the purpose permitted
• Potassium and sodium soap
• Water and steam
• lime cream
• Lime
• Extinguishing not lime
• Sodium hypochlorite (ie bleach)
• Caustic soda
• Caustic potash
• hydrogen peroxide
• Natural plant extracts
• Citric, parasitik acid, formic, lactic, oxalic and acetic acid
• Alcohol
• Nitric acid
• Phosphoric acid
• Formalin
• Sodium carbonate
Transport of poultry and animal transportation sector and cut organic rules are as follows.
► soon as possible of the animals and the stress of transport should be made to be realized.
Loading and unloading operations ► carefully and animals in order to force without the use of any electrical device must be performed.
► before and during any sedative drug transport use is strictly prohibited.
► stressful to not slaughter animals during cutting to act, the appropriate cutting method should be implemented. Possible cases separately
slaughterhouse should be used.
In case the non-classical as possible ► fed animals after cutting, slaughterhouse thoroughly after cleaning, organic animals
cut must be made. Cutting process in the same slaughterhouse, can not be done at the same time.
The minimum age is given below in poultry sector.
• 81-day chicken
• Et cock 150 days
• Peking duck 49 days
• 70 days Females muscovy duck
• Female 84-day muscovy duck
• Wild duck 92 days
• 94-day chicken Africa
• Hindi and Kaz 140 daily
Feed and animal feed supply in organic poultry production in the production of organic poultry feed and animal feed supply rules are as follows.
► feed purposes in the use, production, removal of the maximum level too, the nutritional needs of animals in various developmental stages are being met quality
is to ensure production.
► produced organic food animals should be fed with raw materials.
► Animals, preferably with food provided from the business they were grown, as it is not possible to comply with the rules of regulation or business provided from other units fed with feed to be treated.
► On average 30% of the ration formula can contain the substance in the transition process. The food items are coming from the same business transformation, this rate can be increased to 60%.
Only from production to feed the organic ► farmers can not feed raw material in the case of the classic use is permitted a limited extent. Permission for each year
the maximum utilization rate traditional ruminant animal feed raw materials 10% and 20% in other species. These figures for dry matter of agricultural raw materials sourced food as a percentage is calculated on an annual basis.
Due to exceptional weather conditions in the production of fodder ► in case of loss, disaster and for a short time in control and / or certification bodies to determine the extent permissible to use the classic feed raw materials.
Used in the fattening stage ► poultry feed formula must contain a minimum of 65% grain.
► Poultry rations of roughage, fresh or dried herbs or silage must be added.
► Antibiotics, koksidiyostatlar, drug substances, growth or growth routers or other substances enhance production animal nutrition is used.
► synthetic food additives, food processing auxiliaries reserved revised organisms and genetic changes can not be used.
Poultry feed and feed additives are available in feed raw materials and grain by-products
• Maize (grain, bran, and gluten as embryos)
• Sorghum (as grain)
• Wheat (grain, bran, gluten and embryos as)
• Triticale (as grain)
• Oat (grain, crumb, crust, and the bran)
• Barley (as grain)
• Rice (grain, crackers, bran and the embryo)
• Rye (grain and bran as)
Oil seeds and their by-products
• Rape seed (seed and the embryo)
• Soya bean (seeds and embryos as)
• Sunflower seed (as seed and embryo)
• Cotton Seed (Seed and embryo as)
• Flax seed (as seed and embryo)
• Sesame (seed and the embryo)
Legume seeds and their by-products
• Chickpea seed
• Burçak seed
• Vetch (appropriate temperature treated)
• Pea (Seed, mediocre as the product)
• Bean (seed, mediocre as the product)
• Lupine (as Seed)
Coarse feed
• Coarse alfalfa powder
• Alfalfa
• Alfalfa powder
• Grass powder, straw
• Silage
• Feeders root plants
Other plants and their by-products
• seaweed used in combination and feed produced from molasses (the drying and crushing seaweed and content is obtained is washed to reduce the iodine)
• Plant dust and plant residues
• Plant protein residues (only offspring is given to animals)
• Spices and herbs
Fish, other marine animals and their by-products
• Fish, fish oil and fish oil unrefined
• Enzymes obtained by smoothly
• Dried autolysate, hydrolyzate, Proteolysate
• Fish meal
Mineral additives Sodium
• Refined sea salt has not been
• coarse rock salt
• Sodium sulfate
• Sodium carbonate
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Sodium chloride
Calcium
• Water in the shells of animals (including squid bones)
• Calcium carbonate
• calcium lactate
• Calcium gluconate
• Lithotamnion and maerl
Phosphorus
• bone Dicalcium phosphate breakdown of
• Deflüor Dicalcium phosphate
• Deflüor monokalsiyum phosphate
Magnesium
• Anhydrous magnesium oxide
• Magnesium sulfate
• Magnesium chloride
• Magnesium carbonate
• Sulfur
• Sodium sulfate
Trace elements
• Iron (iron carbonate, iron sulfate, iron oxide monohydrate)
• Iodine (calcium iodate, anhydrous calcium iodate, hexahydrate, potassium iodide)
• Cobalt (cobalt sulphate monohydrate and / or heptahidrat, some cobalt carbonate, monohydrate)
• Copper (copper oxide, copper carbonate base, monohydrate copper sulfate, pentahydrate)
• Manganese (manganese carbonate, manganese oxide and manganik oxide, manganese sulfate, mono and / or tetrahidrat)
• Zinc (zinc carbonate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, mono and / or heptahidrat)
• Molybdenum (Ammonium molibdat, natrium molibdat)
• Selenium (sodium selenite sodium selenat)
• Natrolit-phonolite (slikatın natural mixture of aluminum, alkaline earth, alkali aluminum hidroslikat, natrolit (43-46,5% and the rate of up to 25.000 and feed formula felspat mg / kg)
• volcanic origin, clinoptilolite (at least 85% and up to 15% feldaspat clinoptilolite, mica and clay containing quartz and volcanic origin that do not contain fiber in the feed rate of aqueous calcium formula alüminoksit maximum 20.000 mg / kg)
Vitamins, provitaminler and chemical terms defined full effect of the substances similar appropriate instruction n ° 70/524/EEC vitamins
• Feed raw materials as their natural for Grabs
• One for animals with the stomach equivalent to synthetic vitamins natural vitamin
Terms of use of synthetic vitamin ► certification bodies are identified.
Enzymes
Appropriate instruction n ° 70/524/EEC enzymes
• 3-phytase (Aspergillus niger 'is produced from)
Microorganisms
Appropriate instruction n ° 70/524/EEC microorganisms
• Bacillus cereus var. Toyo
• Bacillus licheniformis
• Bacillus subtilis
Preservatives
• E 236 only for formic acid silage
• E 260 only for silage acetic acid
• E 270 only for silage lactic acid
• E 280 only for silage propionic acid
Assemblers, solid substances and solid preventive agents
• E 551b Colloidal silica
• E 551c Kieselgur
• E 553 Sepiolite
• E 558 Bentonite
• E 559 pure clay
• E 561 Vermiculite
• E 599 Perlite
Poultry feed may not be used in raw materials and feed additives feed
• Slaughterhouse residues (meat-bone meal, blood meal, meat meal, etc..)
Solvents or other chemicals, such as • Heksan oil seed meal was extracted with the
• Urea
• Animal manure
• genetically modified food raw materials have been
• synthetic amino acids
• Synthetic pigments
• Synthetic preservatives
Synthetic growth factors and stimulants •
• Synthetic appetizer
Organic Poultry Production Model Training Free
► outlined chickens free production to be away from the artificial environment where the host and open spaces is now defined as grazing be.
► hosted a temporary folder, or set of chickens in the fields after harvest to collect the grain in the fields or cleaning the harmful practice appears to be known.
► a longer cycle of cattle moved to pasture with tall grass short of the surviving chickens were evaluated by the known and the product was converted to. On the other hand with the cows, chickens scratch in the rest of instinct, a natural part of the eye as they are scratched.
Not allowed to live by Breeders ► shelled and eliminate harmful insects, and natural biological control as a mixed economy which contribute to farm chickens are especially.
Production model in the set of free fertilizer ► chickens collected in the area to receive one-third of the total area of the straw, wood shavings, must be covered with sand or grass.
In this type of system host ► m2 Number of animals 7 'should not exceed.
► Set to be within the maximum m2 de 25 animals in the prepared panel to be 15 cm per hen roost distance should be included.
Free broiler farming
► If animals will be used is to be made free broiler farming must be accordingly.
Generally, animals used for this purpose, such as Cobb ► hybrid or pure breed Light Sussex or too heavy may be traditional, such as Dorking. Broad-breasted hybrid Indian (Cornish) Game chicks also may be more appropriate.
Naturally enough, the movement and feeding ► to provide a solid structure are required, showing rapid growth of leg weakness should not be used as material.
► ISA and Shaver 657 red feathered broilers were developed for the production Redbro not particularly heavy. They grow more slowly than white-haired Despite broylerlerine Cobb and Hubbard, are adapting more quickly to external environment conditions. These types in France, although very common in England are less common.
► Proposed a set of 200 pieces broiler flock size, although the number of allowed up to 500 stands out.
Many shelters are used for laying ► free is also suitable for broiler production.
Materials will be taken directly Cultivation ► set, but we need to prepare the necessary environment for the chick is.
► If you as a certified organic production is to be made free broiler day old chicks to get in is required.
► No matter which way in any way and any veterinary practice for vaccination against infections should not be allowed to, records should be kept to be regular and sufficient.
Chick period
Will not be affected by cold ► Daily and fledge their chicks to the age of completion until a hot environment must be looked at.
To this end, the host may feel ► benefit but is not mandatory. Important thing is dry and protected from harmful insulation and ventilation is provided has been prepared by a shelter.
Wood shavings or similar warm ► Floors should be covered with a mat. On the other hand does not distribute heat using straw bales or cartons Sainfoin ground by creating certain areas to remain within these areas should be provided chicks.
Expanded in proportion to the growth of Chick ► These areas are later removed entirely.
► heating to heat lamps Chick is needed. Lamps will not disturb the chicks on Sainfoin and will provide comfort at a height must be original.
► as a source of electricity or heat is possible to use propane gas. Heat source to form a quiet and stress should be careful not to bright.
The temperature of the growth requirements ► Chick would be a reduction in the heat source heat production gradually decreased accordingly. For this phase is drawn up and finally be removed entirely.
Temperature requirements were eliminated ►-free egg production as in the young chick is inserted into the set. With high wire fences against foxes or need to be protected with electric fence. If too many chickens to comply with the condition that a set of organic standards is to be grown in different partitions is necessary to deploy.
Feeding
► placed on the ground and suspended Chick feeders and watering needs are taken.
► At the beginning of sufficiently small kırılmışve chick feed is mixed with feed intake is important in terms of facilitation.
► oath should not include koksidiyostat. If koksidiyozis has emerged, organic standards Amprolium 's are not allowed. This
participated in all kinds of food except drugs is strictly prohibited.
► The contents of organic cereal rations, full-fat soybean, field bean, fish meal, alfalfa, and consists of mineral-vitamin.
► organic or natural food can be found in the preparation of specialized feed mills. Preparation of natural food is more expensive than other food to prepare.
► organic standards pastures are not medicines should be.
The amount of feeding for the production of broiler ► Stuffed inside to outside both free (ad-libitum) as is done.
In France the production of fodder ► bottom drop out is loaded into large buckets. This is in accordance feeders are placed into grazing areas and grazing chickens be fed with corn put right next to them is just. The corn for grain mills with electric kibble in size are chickens can consume. Chickens fed diets with corn-weighted results are developed as gold-skinned.
► ready for water and insoluble grit should always warm air to protect animals from the location of feeders and drinkers must be made to the canopy.
► such as organic or chicken farm producing broiler-called names for sale can be made, when in full production accordingly must be provided for special conditions.
Draft
► As usual 12-week old chickens grazing in the table will be ready for cutting.
► approximately body weight at the end of this time varies between 1.8-2.3 kg. On the other hand the same weight to an intensive production vehicles are found at half the specified time.
Commercial poultry producers of organic chicken ► cut and run their own farms, or can send them to a licensed slaughterhouse. The second application, although expensive
farm has to be allowed to cut. If cutting, road and domestic transactions produced and where removal is to be made in this case, a number of issues to be considered is the legal rules and practices.
Organic Animal Feed Additives in the production of available alternative feed additives, animal feed to increase the support, the resulting animal
improve quantity and quality of products, to protect the health of animals and products in order to reduce the cost of materials are used. Additives in animal production to benefit from the use of antibiotics in the 1940s began. Antibiotics used in the treatment of human diseases previously only later treatment and control of animal diseases and the bait by magnification factor in order to increase the support began to be used.
Antibiotic use in the last 30-40 years ► increased gradually and this way enzymatic or physical resistance to antibiotics against microorganisms
led to increased populations.
Today, resistance to multiple antibiotics ► winner in question is cross-resistant bacteria to multiply.
► World Health Organization, according to a report published by the incorrect use of antibiotics as a result of many microbes, immunize and this unconscious to continue to use after a short time in case of ear infections and sore throat against the antibiotics would not be effective have been reported.
► In recent years, particularly against antibiotic resistance of microorganisms which, taking into account that many countries restrict or ban the use of substances
brings. This situation has brought up an alternative to new additives.
As an alternative to antibiotics in recent years the emphasis on food additives, enzymes, organic acids, probiotics, oligosaccharides (Prebiotics), and plant extracts. Especially organic acids and probiotics in the digestive tract ecological balance of microflora by turning in favor of beneficial microorganisms, in order to prevent production of potentially pathogenic microorganisms used as feed additives common. Both are natural feed additives and residues of the harmful effects to consumers of health concerns due to the use of antibiotics is recommended as an alternative.
Use of feed additives are required to show compliance with certain conditions. These conditions can be listed as follows.
• Human and animal health should not adversely affect, toxins and cancer-makers should have no effect.
• Performance should increase as efficient and economical and should be easy to obtain.
• Other additives should not cause cross-resistance.
• Analytical as must be determined.
• Biological contaminants in the environment should not be demolished and.
Probiotics
Probiotics,
• offered in animal intestines against pathogenic microorganisms antagonistic showing
• beneficial effects on the intestinal microflora forming
• non-pathogenic gram (+) and facultative anaerobes, which
• lactic acid producing,
• vibrant, natural intestinal bacteria, yeast and fungi and cell cultures, enzymes and feed additives containing the industrial fermentation byproducts are.
Known effects can be summarized as follows Probiotics way.
• in particular lactic acid to acetic acid and formic acid, organic acids, such as by producing intestinal pH and thereby decrease the neutral of them and can live in alkaline environment, often with harmful effects of gram (-) prevent the reproduction of pathogenic micro-organisms which create an environment.
• produce antibacterial substances.
• Oxidation-reduction potential by reducing inhibits the development of aerobic microorganisms.
Orange
Orange
Limon
Yellow
Egypt
Pink
Yellow
Table 1
Conclusion
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