The Place of Sugar Beet Economics Country:

In our country, sugar beet farming and sugar beet production to ensure the livelihood of about 500 thousand of farmers, in other words, the 3 million people, as well as agriculture, livestock that feed, pharmaceutical, meat, milk, transport and service sectors in the state are intertwined. Issues, agriculture, agricultural industry, processed food products and basic employment issues such as the various branches and represents a unity.

Sugar beet production, crop and animal production to the development of the maximum degree of industrial inputs to be used, soil physical structure of the ecological balance and contribute to the healing, self-efficiency of products will be added to the maximum extent of the increases. Alternative agricultural products as compared to 5 sunflower, wheat by 20 times to create more employment, compared to only 2 times more wheat and sunflowers can allow machine-made agriculture.

The share of GNP for Turkey as the sugar industry 0.2%, while its share in manufacturing industry 0.8% level. According to alternative products, sugar, foreign market value and the agricultural industry among productivity, profitability and has a comparative advantage in terms of added value. The employment created in agriculture and industry sectors, which can not be compared with alternative products and higher privilege and an effective social dimension provides activities. Sugar factories, emerging in our region and Eastern Anatolia, the reduction of regional disparities, while in rural areas is of great importance in terms of its contribution to employment. Approximately 35 thousand workers are working in factories, trimming all employees in the industrial sector represents 1.2% sine. Transport sector in the years to create business volume is approximately 25-30 million tons. Share of total economic contribution to the national economy is approximately 1.2 billion dollars.

% Of world sugar production, sugar beet 70'þini constitute 30% of cane sugar. According to the cost of cane sugar beet sugar is 40-50% cheaper than cane sugar in the world sugar price is determined by. In almost all EU countries, ie 95% of sugar beet production is scheduled. These countries 40-50% cheaper than cane sugar, beet sugar production in the state can be obtained do not give up. In addition to the reasons provided by the manufacturer of sugar beet agriculture and industry value added is. From EU countries Germany, 30% of internal consumption, France is 52'sinden% more sugar is produced. This figure is 20% on average in EU countries. This situation in our country is 28% high. Be seen in the production-consumption rates in EU countries are always in high levels is realized.

Sugar factories in our country is still around thirty-five thousand workers are employed, and hundreds of thousands of family beet farmers are busy with farming. In addition, many sugar beet in relation to the sector of agriculture and national economy provides a high amount of value added. Sugar factories work only economically rational but also the social aspects of living has connected beet producers for agricultural importance.

Of Sugar Beet Requests:

Our country and the world of human life at any time such an important staple foods as sugar beet and sugar to the more abundant, high quality and economical to produce, and manufacturers to increase revenue for; stubble breaking and autumn release, the first spring soil preparation, fertilization, planting, maintenance, fighting, irrigation, harvesting and silage through to how and when to do transactions that is necessary to know very well by the manufacturer.

- Beet seed is small and the delicate buds during germination and early development should be protected. Soil compression (cream layer), frost weed pests drugs, sprouting mushrooms' I disease should be monitored carefully.

- Must be a deep soil tillage, root depth layer of water should not accumulate.

- The first in development is necessary to the existence of adequate temperature.

- Maturity is the negative effects of high temperatures during the beet (especially night temperatures)

1) Climate and Weather Factors: the sugar beet root yield and climatic factors are very important in terms of assets. Our country in different climatic regions of the production shows different features.

- In areas close to the sea beet yield is high, whereas in the presence of sugar is low.

- The harsh climate of Eastern Anatolia, who reigned in stem yield in the presence of low glucose is high.

- Gateway District is normal in the presence of root yield and sugar.

- Central Anatolia regions such as the climate is not very hard and the presence of root yield and sugar beet area is high are the best.

2) Light and Temperature: Beet is a long-day plants. Root and sugar in the sunlight is very important occurrence. Although it seems more important than light output in the first heat increases the temperature in the light of the need is increasing. Development and production of sugar for the ideal air temperature 23 - 25 ° C dir. A few weeks before harvest for sugar formation temperature is very important.

3) Water: the seed bed must have adequate moisture. April-May months in the light deeper roots to drought and thus in terms of plant nutrients, water and provides better feeding. With the development of leaves of sugar beet will increase water demand. Growth is higher in times of need and rain water in areas with little irrigation should be done necessarily.

4) Soil: Beet farming to be done soil water and nutrient holding capacity and very good, the cream does not connect, to have a good depth of soil is required. Beet soil ideal for farming, organic matter-rich, deep, easy, and ting ting with calcareous soils are heated.
) Field Prep:

Sugar beet farming in our country is recommended for pre-plant grain. In preparation of the soil after harvest crops before the first operation of the plant residues can be buried organic matter to enrich the (stubble breaking) job. Stubble in the fall to make sure the break and the first version is required. The first version to be healthy immediately after grain harvest is tempered shadow "of soil moisture" from the ground up and stubble mixing time is required. In this regard the most practical measure of soil pattern in the form of transfer of the plow, not to fall as soon as the knowledge structure is dispersed.

Stubble burning should be never. Fragmentation of land for an easy version of stubble with a quantity of manure produced in the mixed soil is soaked and, if required. Decay will be accelerated so that the stubble. Field remains to avoid the deep cuts and rough versions before Chisel necessarily be a deep scratch or from release the bolt must be withdrawn. If the plow base 2 to 3 years against it before the first version of a plow bottom do not go out winning. After the fall version of stubble before breaking field is left alone. Be made until the autumn before the winter version (last version) to weed the fields must be taken into yüzlek as rakes. Thus, the right of the soil water retention and weeds are killed in will be. With this latest version will be done before winter soil analysis according to the results of the recommended fertilization at the same time last spring, is made.

2) Fertilization:

Present in soil and plants before fertilization can be taken by the level of nutrients in plants that is necessary to know. For this purpose, in accordance with the procedures must be taken to make the soil sample analysis and recommendations will be decare and sex determination of the amount of fertilizer is required.

Sugar beet is grown in the three main nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potash is. Most important issues to be considered in fertilization, fertilizer until the plant needs, in accordance with procedures, to provide timely land. Fertilizer use efficiency and the quality is missing or more will cause the fall.

a) Nitrogenous Fertilizers: primarily nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture Beet (Ammonium Sulfate, Ammonium Nitrate, Lime and Urea Ammonium Nitrate) dir. The most important point to note, is a matter of necessity to use more nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogenous fertilizer is needed than are used in the fabrication process yields are falling and environmental pollution are creating unnecessary and excessive amount in case of using stem yields a small amount of the increase in the excessive leaf growth, such as encouraging the beet sugar in the rate significantly lowers. For these reasons, nitrogen fertilizer application, at least 2.5 months before harvest should be discontinued. Arid zone of nitrogen fertilizer in the 2 / 3 'ü spring field preparation prior to planting during the remaining 1 / 3 of fame before the first use of the anchor is an ideal application. For sugar beet will be given as decare 10-15 kg of pure nitrogen fertilizer must be used.

b) Phosphoric Fertilizers: Beet major phosphorous fertilizers used in agriculture (Triple Super Phosphate and Super Phosphate) truck. For plants is a plant nutrient that is absolutely necessary. In cases where the plants in the soil is insufficient for normal development can not complete the low yield are taking place.

Phosphorous fertilizer 2 / 3 'ü latest version in the fall to the soil mixed with the plow depth, 1 / 3 with nitrogen fertilizer in the spring field preparation should be given under the harrow. Beet decare for 10 to 11 kg of pure phosphorus to the future use of phosphorous fertilizer will suffice.

c) potash fertilizers: Beet agricultural fertilizers used in the main potash (Potassium Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate and Potassium Chloride) roll. In general, with phosphorous fertilizers in the fall, before the latest version, should be mixed into the soil in the plow depth.

d) Composite Fertilizer: Various at a time of food thrown is used to reduce the labor, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium as% ranking (15.15.15) are expressed as. Soil analysis results will be determined according to the proportions of farmers use is required.

e) barn Fertilizers: the location of the barn manure does not hold any commercial fertilizer. Stable manure, green manure, compost and soil structure using stubble residues of healing and soil organic matter is recommended for the enrichment provided. Especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, such as macro nutrients including micro nutrients, also contains a significant amount. Of the soil with organic matter, to give structure provides a solid, cream bindings is prevented, water holding capacity increases, pans are easier to come and erosion is prevented.

3) First Spring Soil Preparation:

In the spring soil preparation, sugar beet farming is the most sensitive jobs. The soil before planting preparation time, the use of equipment used in this business format, the depth of the seed beds, seed will remain at the top of the soil thickness and structure, etc.. sugar beet yield and quality will be produced, thus significantly affect the production economy.

In the spring farm income does not pan seed bed preparation should begin immediately. Normal (Ýntaþ) output for the right to know available;

- Seed bed stone, turf and plant residue should be cleaned always.

- Heavy tempered definitely seed bed preparation, fertilizer, and (herbicide) weed application should not be made against agricultural pesticides.

- Seed bed preparation in spring nitrogen fertilizer during its 2 / 3 should be taken in conjunction with rainfall also probable for weeds is to be used if selected weeds discarded after drug or combi-cured rake taken to planting the fields should be ready. Needed to be shot in places roller is also useful.

- In the spring, the fields of soil preparation before planting more chewing to prevent as much as possible the number of transactions decreased.

Ideal for seed bed preparation, soil and climate conditions vary but the most important of these, the first spring, from 2.5 to 3 cm thick, homogeneous, slim, easy-to-air, flirt in the structure with a loose layer below this, processed in the spring, plant suitable to receive approximately% presence of 10 water bearing layer is moist. This upper surface processed layer is desirable seedbed. After all these preparations will be prepared for planting soil.

) Secimi Types:

Sugar beet production in the most important factors affecting yield and quality of secimidir kind. In choosing to pay attention to the following kinds of features is required. Selected varieties;

- Appendix to the area's climate and soil structure must be appropriate,

- Should be resistant to diseases and to seed to get up,

- The root and leaves must be efficient,

- Germination and field output power must be good,

- Prepared according to standard drugs and medicines should be required,

- Healthy, safe and cheap, must be

5) October:

Sugar beet yield and quality and an important factor affecting farmers' income is the cultivation techniques. Don danger in an era of the early large-scale cultivation atlatýldýgý, extend the development of beet and always should be preferred for increased efficiency.

October is the perfect to be used in transplantation in terms of selection and seed drill and maintenance of the necessary settings must be made. With row on row in October, the distance between beet root and sugar yield are significantly affected.

- In our country, sugar beet and 45 cm row spacing is generally added to the 20 - 25 cm distance is one. 1 decar in 8000 to 9000 provides the best results in one plant experiment.

- October is one of important factors affecting the quality of rate cultivation. In October which attracts the seed drill with precision seed drill tractor speed of 4 km / h should not exceed. Non-uniform loss of seeds excessive speed, depth settings corruption, causes the seeds to remain on the surface of the soil.

- October depth also is important in terms of yield and quality. Beet seed to a depth of 2 to 5 cm should be added during the continuous cultivation should be controlled, well-tempered more yüzlek soil, should be tempered down as the greater depth.

- In our country, typically with 5-8 and 15 cm row precision seed drill planting is done on the range.

Properly be made as beet cultivation and harvest anchor provides great convenience in the use of their machines. After normal cultivation of natural factors, seed type, pests and diseases arising from damage due to more than 40% reduction in the number of beet is the second time if the field should be added.

6) Maintenance:

Until the development of beet harvest in October, from weeds, diseases and insects that provide protection from the outside the struggle and irrigation maintenance is called for all transactions.

It is necessary to sort nursing process;

a) Dilution / misfire,

b) Çapalama,

c) Foreign ot fight,

d) Disease and Insect fighting.


a) Dilution and misfire: the number of plants per unit area in a beet field, the surface of these plants is a good distribution of the yield and quality is an important factor affecting. Dilution when they reached the 4-5 leaf beet period, knocking operation is performed. 20-25 cm is enough to be on the order of intervals. Misfire do need to be careful not to damage the beet is.

b) Çapalama: Foreign herb medicines struggle for ventilation of the soil is being performed only hoeing beets are scheduled. Anchors to prevent evaporation of the soil to warm up more quickly, a regular distribution of rain water into the soil provides processing. 1 or 2, the anchor of our country's condition is sufficient. Are done by hand or machine. Anchors In addition to sugar beet roots not to damage, more turf should be careful not to remove the violation of and beets.

c) The Weed Challenge: Sugar beet is using the nutrients from the soil of weeds are the biggest rival. Therefore, the period until the beet harvest in From the germination of weeds is necessary to combat. Alien to the nutritional herbs, beets, water, air and sun can partner.

Struggle with weeds and hoeing is done with drugs. Medicinal herbs and struggle before planting and after planting to cover two semesters and drugs used for this purpose is called Herbicide. After planting to protect our farmers from heavy suite is more effective in that fight before planting grass and should be done should be preferred.

To be successful in the fight against weeds Herbisitlerle to know;

- Field preparation has been done very well and have the appropriate annealing,

- Time of the drug taken (very hot and windy weather are made for medicines) and the appropriate dose to use,

- Field weeds very well known and the drug to be selected accordingly,

- Use the cleaning atomiser, breast settings,

d) by Disease and Insect Fighting: October after the observed yield and quality, but is derived from healthy plants. For this reason, our eyes always be in our field of disease and insect damage should be done by following the necessary struggle. Therefore, pests and diseases of beet must be very well known.

Diseases in general; (Cercospora, Ramularia, Phoma) leaf spot diseases, mildew, viruses, wrapped, (Curly Top) Beet curly top virus, Beet rust (Rhizomania) Beet Root Disease obtusa. These, the best fighting shape, the addition of resistant varieties, Fungicidal use, at least a three-year rotation and can be listed in the form of balanced fertilization.

The pests in general; Tel Kurdu (Agriotes), Beet of Piraeus (Chaetocnema), mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa), Soil Kurdu (Agrotis), leaves of Kurt (Caradrina), Beet Fly (Pegomyia) of London. The best form of struggle through the chemical fight against drugs, medicines and seeds with soil aeration is to anchor.

In situations that require collective struggle symptoms when they are connected to spend time without notice must be timely Beet Region Chief and at least 3-4 times to fight the disease önenmelidir medicated.
7) Irrigation:

Sugar beet is a plant with big water needs. Intervals until the harvest period in October and the amount of water needed in a plant. Irrigation periods;

a) Output (Ýntaþ) Irrigation: rainfall in October and then not be taken and the land is made in the event of losing temper.

b) Irrigation Development period: late June until mid-September and should be made.

c) pre-harvest irrigation: annealed condition of the soil being brought, and to facilitate root harvest in order to prevent breakage of the irrigation is to be divided into three. Number of irrigation development in the plant observations must be done 4-6 times.

Given to the fields of water (irrigation methods) are grouped under three main groups in our country:

1) Salma Irrigation

a) Surface Irrigation

b) Abdominal Irrigation Procedure

2) Sprinkler Irrigation

3) Drip Irrigation

Salma in irrigation, irrigation costs are low. But requires too much water and the effect is less than sprinkler irrigation. Salma irrigated fields with irrigation drainage for the prevention of barren must be very well made. Regardless of which method of irrigation, sugar beet irrigation to avoid excessive or inadequate irrigation is the most important issues. Excessive irrigation, resources, and some diseases ýsrafýnýn also leads to root rot, poor irrigation, the plant growth and yield has led to increased losses.

8) Harvest:

Beet roots dismantling, cleaning and cutting of the leaves of sugar beet process called HARVEST. Beet cultivation in our country until the start of the present progress of the sugar beet harvest operations today are performed with modern agricultural techniques and machinery.

Normal climatic conditions of our country, maturing beets until mid-October with the end of September is continuing. Harvest operations are done without touching a large majority. The hand is more common in our country Hasad. Beet harvest disassembly waist, a two or three rows in order to remove only the dismantling, removing only the head and make cutting machines, per sector, the dismantling, storage and installation can be done is done with machines. According to the manual harvesting of machine harvesting are positive and negative aspects. Soon the harvest of large areas with low costs, machine harvesting of the positive things. The high cost of machinery supply, harvest of cane during the more breakage, damage and losses due to the increasing number of e are also negative aspects.

Harvest of the soil is annealed, the frequency and distribution of sugar beet harvesting machine and the user's skill and the type of leveling the field with the lack of weed harvesting machine are facilitating factors.

9) to the plant silage and Return:

Although the harvest has been removed within a program at the same time the beet processing is not possible and it must wait for a while without losing more physical properties of sugar beet piles are to be protected from. Silo to be long-term protection from the breakdown of sugar beet farmers are causing the most important task. Silo and transport to prevent loss, beet farmers to reduce the fracture and be crushed by the poles of harvested beet factory desirable is a case be brought to the center. Directly from farm to factory, brought the center of beet sugar transport costs being paid by the Company, except that changing every year according to the terms and conditions of transport and compensation premiums by paying more beet factory centers are encouraged to bring.

Business and Sugar Production:

25 States and 2 have Ulkemizde Subsidiaries 3'üde Specially cooperatives and partners to which they belong Beet (Amasya, Kayseri and Konya) Sugar Factory has a total of 30 units. In this factory from 2000 to 2001 during the campaign, beet cultivation in field construction decar 3,587,592, 16,750,000 tons were RECEIVING beets, 14,350,000 tons of sugar beets are processed 1,975,000 tons were produced. Sugar Beet sugar production from the stages of the fabrication are able to summarize briefly as follows.

1 - Square Affairs:

Harvest begins in late August can be brought to the factory for processing beet step by step cleaning process for weighing the front by passing through a large extent of soil and mud after leave is taken into silos. From the silo to reach beet factory is done through channels. Channel is being shipped with pressurized water from the beets from the soil washing facilities had to be cleaned are completely.

2 - to wash the beets:

Channels of transport to the factory with pressurized water from the soil and sand washing facility will be switched to the completely free. Soil and sand all pieces with the beets are also divided, with a driving belt taking into beet factory (bunkerlerine) is filled.

3 - Cut the beets are:

Cutting machines beet beet Bunkerlerine received 4 to 8 mm. Thick and 10 cm in length are converted to slaughter. Below scale weighing in here with a tape to review whether the boat will be boiled.

4 - Sorbet Generation:

After first turn carnage as the sugary syrup treated with the slaughter, diffüzyona is shipped. (Coastal-generating systems of diffüzör called sherbet.) Diffüzörlerde treated with hot water for a certain period of the massacres, sugar and an amount of foreign substances into the water passes. As a result, become rich in sugar syrup as the raw carnage will be in operation. Irrigated sugar beet pulp decreased as slaughter while diffüzörlerden be removed.

Separated from sugar beet pulp is juicy slaughter, (Meal) after being passed through presses will be treated as animal feed. 70 ° C temperature to be taken in the massacre of sugar and 1 hour at a time occurs. Dark-colored sugar water (raw syrup) to drive the boat can be boiled to be treated are sent to treatment facilities.

5 - Treatment of Sorbet:

Treatment facilities outside of the raw sugar syrup is available in some foreign substance. At the final stage will be produced and the quality of the white sugar with the aim of increasing efficiency in raw syrup in the treatment of foreign substances to processes for the treatment called sherbet, and this process is carried out in treatment facilities.

Treatment of raw milk and sherbet lime sherbet of a series of carbon dioxide gas is carried treated. % In more recent infiltration into 12 to 15 with aqueous sugar syrup is obtained. With the treatment of sherbet sherbet sherbet substances prevents kristalizasyonunu be suspended from. Syrup, for completion of treatment is subjected to two times more carbohydrate lama.

6 - Sorbet upgrading of the Bay:

Treated in the amount of syrup in water. This water (evaporation station) and in part will be flown by boiling sugar and about 60% more dry matter in a dark syrup is obtained containing. Then the last time this syrup by passing through filtration process will be referred to the firing station.

7 - Refined Filtering and Melting:

Before firing the other intermediate products containing sugar syrup is mixed with a certain sugar content is converted into a standard syrup. In non-crystalline substances found in sugar and sugar crystals, this syrup is baked in a vacuum and crystal-state gain from this product (Lapa) is called.

8 - Lapa by the Sugar Centrifuge processing and Packaging:

Bol this crystal mush, are processed in the centrifuge is separated from crystallized sugar syrup. Centrifuges, rotating around a vertical axis consists of hollow cylindrical drum. Light the sugar is moist, where steam heated dryers and hot air to be heated with dried and dried crystals are obtained. Screens can be cleaned by passing from dry this sugar. Cleaned and dried a portion of this sugar cube sugar units sent to be rushed through the revolving drum molded sugar cube to obtain and can be packaged. The other part of the market by filling in the 50 Kg bags are delivered to the warehouse to be given.

9 - Dry Pulp with Molasses and Molasses Production:

Centrifuged and separated in the final stage is a product of firing at the dark brown, smooth, sweet substances on the consistency of molasses is (molasses) is called. Sugar and nitrogen content, protein, vitamins, etc.. used in animal feed rich in organic matter Melas a valuable industrial raw material. Two major byproducts of the sugar factory and Pulp Melas, by mixing specific proportions are still a valuable animal feed (molasses with Dried Pulp) are obtained. 8 Sugar Factory in our country still is available in the pulp drying plant.